Publications

Original Reports and Systematic Reviews:

1. Ding EL. Infant Mortality in Baltimore City: Leading Causes, Risk Factors, and Potential Policy Solutions. Epidemic Proportions. May 2005; 2(1): 38-43, 57-59.
2. Ding EL. Brownfield Remediation for Urban Health: A Systematic Review and Case Assessment of Baltimore, Maryland. Journal of Young Investigators. Dec 2005; 14(6): 630.
3. Ding EL, Hutfless SM, Ding X, Girotra S. Chocolate and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review. Nutrition and Metabolism. Jan 3 2006; 3: 2.  PMID: 16390538
4. Ding EL, Mozaffarian D. Optimal Dietary Habits for the Prevention of Stroke. Seminars in Neurology; March 2006; 26(1): 11-23. PMID: 16479440
5. Ding EL, Song Y, Malik VS, Liu S. Sex Differences of Endogenous Sex Hormones and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA. March 2006; 295(11): 1288-99. PMID: 16537739
6. Mukamal KJ, Ding EL, Djousse, L. Alcohol consumption, physical activity, and chronic disease risk factors: a population-based cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. May 3 2006; 6: 118. PMID: 16670030
7. Ding EL*, Zhang JJ*, Song Y. Adverse Effects of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors on Renal and Arrhythmia Events: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. JAMA. Oct 2006; 296: 1619-1632. *Joint first authors [Published by JAMA via priority early release, Sept 12, 2006] PMID: 16968832
8. Ding EL, Powe NR, Manson JE, Sherber NS, Braunstein JB. Sex Differences in Perceived Risks, Distrust, and Willingness to Participate in Clinical Trials: A Randomized Study of Cardiovascular Prevention Trials. Archives of Internal Medicine. May 14 2007; 167(9): 905-912.  PMID: 17502531
9. Ding EL, Song Y, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Liu S. Plasma Sex Hormones and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes in Women: A Prospective Study. Diabetologia. October 2007; 50(10): 2076-2084. PMID: 17701157
10. Braunstein JB, Sherber NS, Schulman SP, Ding EL, Powe NR. Race, Medical Researcher Distrust, Perceived Harm and Willingness to Participate in Cardiovascular Prevention Trials. Medicine. January 2008;87(1):1-9. PMID: 18204365
11. Brahmanandam S, Ding EL, Conte MS, Belkin M, Nguyen LL. Clinical Results of Carotid Artery Stenting Compared With Carotid Endarterectomy. Journal of Vascular Surgery  2008 Feb;47(2):343-349. PMID: 18241758
12. Ding EL, Malik VS. Convergence of Obesity and High Glycemic Diet on Compounding Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risks in Modernizing China: An Emerging Public Health Dilemma. Globalization and Health Jan 3 2006; 4(1): 4. PMID: 18302739
13. Ding EL, Mehta S, Fawzi WF, Giovannucci EL. Interaction of Estrogen Therapy with Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Colorectal Cancer Risk: Reanalysis of Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trial. Int J of Cancer. 2008 Apr 15;122(8):1690-4. PMID: 18092326
14. Markiewicz MR, Brady MF, Ding EL, Dodson TB. Corticosteroids reduce postoperative morbidity after third molar surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surgery. 2008 Sep;66(9):1881-94. PMID: 18718396.
15. Chen BH, Song Y, Ding EL, Roberts CK, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Liu S. Circulating Levels of Resistin and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men and Women: Results from Two Prospective Cohorts. Diabetes Care 2009; 32:329-334. PMID: 18957529
16. Danaei G, Ding EL, Taylor B, Mozaffarian D, Rehm J, Murray CL, Ezzati M. The Preventable Causes of Death in the United States: Comparative Risk Assessment of Lifestyle, Dietary, and Metabolic Risk Factors. PLoS Medicine 2009 Apr 28;6(4):e1000058. PMID: 19399161
17. Yang N, Liu X, Ding EL, Xu M, Wu S, Sun X, Hu FB. Ghrelin and Peptide YY Response to High-carbohydrate and High-fat Meals in Obese and Lean Participants. J Nutrition. 2009 Jul;139(7):1286-91. PMID: 19458028
18. Li SS, Shin HJ, Ding EL, van Dam RM. Adiponectin Levels and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA. 2009 Jul 8;302(2):179-88. PMID: 19584347.
19. Mekary RA, Willett WC, Hu FB, Ding EL. Isotemporal Substitution Paradigm for physical activity epidemiology and weight change. Am J Epidemiology. 2009; 170:519-527. PMID: 19584129 
20. Ding EL, Song Y, Manson JE, Hunter DJ, Lee CC, Rifai N, Buring JE, Gaziano MJ, Liu S. Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women and Men. New England J Medicine. 2009. 361: 1152-1163. Online published 5 August 2009, 10.1056/NEJMoa0804381. PMID: 19657112.
21. Chen TY, Ding EL, Seage GR, Kim AY. “Meta-analysis: increased mortality associated with HCV in HIV-infected persons is not related to HIV disease progression” Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009 Nov 15;49(10):1605-15. PMID: 19842982.
22. Chen BH, Song Y, Ding EL, Manson JE, Roberts CK, Rifai N, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Liu S. Association of resistin promoter polymorphisms with plasma resistin levels and type 2 diabetes in women and men. Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet 2010;1(3):167-174.
23. Soedamah-Muthu SS, Ding EL, Al-Delaimy WK, Hu FB, Engberink MF, Willett WC, Geleijnse JM. Milk and dairy consumption and incidence of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. published 10 November 2010, 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29866
24. Ding EL*, Bauer SR*, Smit LA. Cocoa Consumption, Cocoa Flavonoids and Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: An Evidence-Based Review. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports. 2011. Volume 5, Number 2, 120-127, DOI: 10.1007/s12170-011-0157-5. *Joint equal-contributing authors.
25. Kim DH, Brown RT, Ding EL, Kiel DP, Berry SD. Dementia Medications and Risk of Falls, Syncope, and Related Adverse Events. Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Jun 7. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03450.x.
26. Li Y, Jaddoe VW, Qi L, He Y, Lai J, Wang J, Zhang J, Hu Y, Ding EL, Yang x, Hu FB, Ma G. Exposure to the Chinese famine in early life and the risk of hypertension in adulthood. J Hypertens, June 1, 2011; 29(6): 1085-92. PMID: 21546877
27. Duncan DT, Wolin KY, Scharoun-Lee M, Ding EL, Warner ET, Bennett GG. Does Perception Equal Reality? Weight Misperception in Relation to Weight-Related Attitudes and Behaviors Among Overweight and Obese US Adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2011 Mar 22;8(1):20. PMID: 21426567
28. Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL, Kohl HW, Haskell W, Lee IM. Dose Response Between Physical Activity and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Circulation. 2011; 124: 789-795. PMID: 21810663.
29. Siegel KR, Kishore SP, Huffman MD, Aitsi-Selmi A, Baker P, Bitton A, Mwatsama M, Ding EL, Feigl AB, Khandelwal S, Rapkin N, Seligman B, Vedanthan R. Trans-Disciplinary Education and Training for NCD Prevention and Control. Global Heart. 2011; 6(4): 191-193.
30. Micha R, Kalantarian S, Wirojratana P, Byers T, Danaei G, Elmadfa I, Ding EL, Giovannucci E, Powles J, Smith-Warner S, Ezzati M, Mozaffarian D. Estimating the global and regional burden of suboptimal nutrition on chronic disease: methods and inputs to the analysis. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011 Sep 14. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.147. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21915137
31. Shrime MG, Bauer SR, McDonald AC, Chowdhury NH, Coltart CEM, Ding EL. Flavonoid-rich cocoa consumption affects multiple cardiovascular risk factors, in a meta-analysis of short-term studies. Journal of Nutrition. 2011 Nov;141(11):1982-8. Epub 2011 Sep 28.
32. Beydoun MA, Ding EL, Beydoun HA, Tanaka T, Ferrucci L, Zonderman AB. Vitamin D receptor and megalin gene polymorphisms and their associations with longitudinal cognitive change among US adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012 Jan;95(1):163-78. Epub 2011 Dec 14.
33. Bernstein AM, Ding EL, Willett WC, Rimm EB. A Meta-Analysis Shows That Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algal Oil Reduces Serum Triglycerides and Increases HDL-Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol in Persons without Coronary Heart Disease. Journal of Nutrition. 2012 Jan;142(1):99-104. Epub 2011 Nov 23.
34. Leung CW, Willett WC, Ding EL. Low-income Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation is related to adiposity and metabolic risk factors. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012 Jan;95(1):17-24. Epub 2011 Dec 14.
35. Voight BF, Peloso GM, Orho-Melander M, Frikke-Schmidt R, Barbalic M, Jensen MK, Hindy G, Hólm H, Ding EL, Johnson T, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Clarke R, Hopewell JC, Thompson JF, Li M, Thorleifsson G, Newton-Cheh C, Musunuru K, Pirruccello JP, Saleheen D, Chen L, Stewart AF, Schillert A, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thorgeirsson G, Anand S, Engert JC, Morgan T, Spertus J, Stoll M, Berger K, Martinelli N, Girelli D, McKeown PP, Patterson CC, Epstein SE, Devaney J, Burnett MS, Mooser V, Ripatti S, Surakka I, Nieminen MS, Sinisalo J, Lokki ML, Perola M, Havulinna A, de Faire U, Gigante B, Ingelsson E, Zeller T, Wild P, de Bakker PI, Klungel OH, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Peters BJ, de Boer A, Grobbee DE, Kamphuisen PW, Deneer VH, Elbers CC, Onland-Moret NC, Hofker MH, Wijmenga C, Verschuren WM, Boer JM, van der Schouw YT, Rasheed A, Frossard P, Demissie S, Willer C, Do R, Ordovas JM, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M, Mohlke KL, Daly MJ, Guiducci C, Burtt NP, Surti A, Gonzalez E, Purcell S, Gabriel S, Marrugat J, Peden J, Erdmann J, Diemert P, Willenborg C, König IR, Fischer M, Hengstenberg C, Ziegler A, Buysschaert I, Lambrechts D, Van de Werf F, Fox KA, El Mokhtari NE, Rubin D, Schrezenmeir J, Schreiber S, Schäfer A, Danesh J, Blankenberg S, Roberts R, McPherson R, Watkins H, Hall AS, Overvad K, Rimm E, Boerwinkle E, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Cupples LA, Reilly MP, Melander O, Mannucci PM, Ardissino D, Siscovick D, Elosua R, Stefansson K, O’Donnell CJ, Salomaa V, Rader DJ, Peltonen L, Schwartz SM, Altshuler D, Kathiresan S. A Mendelian randomization study for plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk for myocardial infarction. The Lancet. 2012 May 17. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22607825
36. McLeod DSA, Watters KF, Carpenter AD, Ladenson PW, Cooper DS, Ding EL. Thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid cancer diagnosis: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. published 23 May 2012, 10.1210/jc.2012-1083.
37. Pettersson A, Graff RE, Bauer SR, Pitt M, Lis RT, Stack EC, Martin NE, Kunz L, Penney KL, Ligon Ah, Suppan C, Flavin R, Sesso HD, Rider JR, Sweeney C, Stampfer MJ, Fiorentino M, Kantoff PW, Sanda M, Giovannucci E, Ding EL, Loda M, Mucci LA. The TMPRSS2:ERG rearrangement, ERG expression, and prostate cancer outcomes: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention. 2012 Jun 26. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22736790
38. Djoussé L, Akinkuolie AO, Wu JHY, Ding EL, Gaziano JM. Fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acids and risk of heart failure: a meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition. 2012 Jun 6. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22682084
39. Soedamah-Muthu SS, Verberne LD, Ding EL, Engberink MF, Geleijnse JM. Dairy Consumption and Incidence of Hypertension: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Hypertension. published 17 September 2012, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.195206. PMID: 22987924
40. Leung CW, Ding EL, Catalano PJ, Villamor E, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Dietary Intake and Dietary Quality of Low-Income Adults in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012 Nov;96(5):977-88. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.040014. Epub 2012 Oct 3.
41. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, Amann M, Anderson HR, Andrews KG, Aryee M, Atkinson C, Bacchus LJ, Bahalim AN, Balakrishnan K, Balmes J, Barker-Collo S, Baxter A, Bell ML, Blore JD, Blyth F, Bonner C, Borges G, Bourne R, Boussinesq M, Brauer M, Brooks P, Bruce NG, Brunekreef B, Bryan-Hancock C, Bucello C, Buchbinder R, Bull F, Burnett RT, Byers TE, Calabria B, Carapetis J, Carnahan E, Chafe Z, Charlson F, Chen H, Chen JS, Cheng AT, Child JC, Cohen A, Colson KE, Cowie BC, Darby S, Darling S, Davis A, Degenhardt L, Dentener F, Des Jarlais DC, Devries K, Dherani M, Ding EL, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Edmond K, Ali SE, Engell RE, Erwin PJ, Fahimi S, Falder G, Farzadfar F, Ferrari A, Finucane MM, Flaxman S, Fowkes FG, Freedman G, Freeman MK, Gakidou E, Ghosh S, Giovannucci E, Gmel G, Graham K, Grainger R, Grant B, Gunnell D, Gutierrez HR, Hall W, Hoek HW, Hogan A, Hosgood HD 3rd, Hoy D, Hu H, Hubbell BJ, Hutchings SJ, Ibeanusi SE, Jacklyn GL, Jasrasaria R, Jonas JB, Kan H, Kanis JA, Kassebaum N, Kawakami N, Khang YH, Khatibzadeh S, Khoo JP, Kok C, Laden F, Lalloo R, Lan Q, Lathlean T, Leasher JL, Leigh J, Li Y, Lin JK, Lipshultz SE, London S, Lozano R, Lu Y, Mak J, Malekzadeh R, Mallinger L, Marcenes W, March L, Marks R, Martin R, McGale P, McGrath J, Mehta S, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Micha R, Michaud C, Mishra V, Hanafiah KM, Mokdad AA, Morawska L, Mozaffarian D, Murphy T, Naghavi M, Neal B, Nelson PK, Nolla JM, Norman R, Olives C, Omer SB, Orchard J, Osborne R, Ostro B, Page A, Pandey KD, Parry CD, Passmore E, Patra J, Pearce N, Pelizzari PM, Petzold M, Phillips MR, Pope D, Pope CA 3rd, Powles J, Rao M, Razavi H, Rehfuess EA, Rehm JT, Ritz B, Rivara FP, Roberts T, Robinson C, Rodriguez-Portales JA, Romieu I, Room R, Rosenfeld LC, Roy A, Rushton L, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanchez-Riera L, Sanman E, Sapkota A, Seedat S, Shi P, Shield K, Shivakoti R, Singh GM, Sleet DA, Smith E, Smith KR, Stapelberg NJ, Steenland K, Stöckl H, Stovner LJ, Straif K, Straney L, Thurston GD, Tran JH, Van Dingenen R, van Donkelaar A, Veerman JL, Vijayakumar L, Weintraub R, Weissman MM, White RA, Whiteford H, Wiersma ST, Wilkinson JD, Williams HC, Williams W, Wilson N, Woolf AD, Yip P, Zielinski JM, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013 Dec 15;380(9859):2224-60. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8. PMID: 23245609
42. Wu H, Ding EL, Toledo ET, Campos H, Baylin A, Hu FB, Sun Q. A Novel Fatty Acid Lipophilic Index and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in U.S. Men: the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. British Journal of Nutrition. Jan 8:1-9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 23298409
43. Guenther PM, Ding EL, Rimm EB. Alcoholic Beverage Consumption by Adults Compared to Dietary Guidelines: Results of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009-2010. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2013 Apr;113(4):546-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.12.015. PMID: 23415501
44. Bauer SR. Bertone-Johnson ER, Hankinson SE, Ding EL. Plasma Vitamin D Levels, Menopause, and Risk of Breast Cancer: Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Medicine. April 25, 2013. PMID: 23625163.
45. Gates MA, Mekary RA, Chiu GR, Ding EL, Wittert GA, Araujo AB. Sex steroid hormone levels and body composition in men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. April 26, 2013. PMID: 23626004
46. Toledo E, Campos H, Ding EL, Wu H, Hu FB, Sun Q, Baylin A. A novel fatty acid profile index –the lipophilic index- and risk of myocardial infarction. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2013 [IN PRESS]
47. Mekary RA, Lucas M, Pan A, Okereke O, Willett WC, Hu FB, Ding EL. Isotemporal Substitution Analysis for Physical Activity, Television Watching, and Risk of Depression. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2013. [IN PRESS]
48. Kim DH, Kim C, Ding EL, Townsend M, Lipsitz L. Adiponectin Levels and the Risk of Hypertension: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hypertension. 2013. [IN PRESS]
49. Beydoun MA, Toshiko Tanaka T, Beydoun HA, Ding EL, Ferrucci L, Zonderman AB. Vitamin D receptor and megalin gene polymorphisms are associated with central adiposity status and changes among US adults. Journal of Nutritional Science. 2013 [IN PRESS]

Editorials and Commentaries:

1. Ding EL. Underweight, Overweight, Obesity, and Excess Deaths. JAMA Aug 2005; 294(5): 552. PMID: 16077045
2. Ding EL, Song Y, Liu S. Testosterone, Estradiol and Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA July 2006; 296(2); 169-170.
3. Ding EL, Song Y, Manson JE, Pradhan AD, Buring JE, Liu S. Accuracy of Administrative Coding for Type 2 Diabetes in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults—Response to Rhodes. Diabetes Care. September 2007; 30: e98 (DOI: 10.2337/dc07-0903) PMID: 17726188
4. Ding EL, Hu FB. Smoking and Type 2 Diabetes: Underrecognized Risks and Disease Burden. JAMA December 12, 2007;298(22); 2675-2676. PMID: 18073366
5. Ding EL, Hu FB. Determination of Origins and Causes of Childhood Obesity via Mendelian Randomization Analysis. PLoS Medicine March 2008; 5(3): e65 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050065. PMID: 18336066
6. Ding EL, Hu FB. Cancer and Cholesterol: Understanding the V-Shaped Association in Patients with Diabetes. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2008 Aug 26;179(5):403-4. PMID: 18725605
7. Ding EL, Giovannucci EL. Response to Comment on: Interaction of Estrogen Therapy with Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Colorectal Cancer Risk: Reanalysis of Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trial. International Journal of Cancer. 2009. PMID: 19107934
8. Ding EL, Nagda SR. Women, Contraceptives, and Consent to Research Participation. Journal of Women’s Health. April 2009, 18(4): 439-441. PMID: 19361309
9. Stefan N, Schick F, Häring HU, Nestler JE, Semple R, Savage DB, O’Rahilly S, Liu S, Ding EL, Song Y. Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine Dec 31, 2009; 361:2675-2678.
10. Ding EL, Hu FB. Commentary: Relative importance of diet vs physical activity for health. Int J Epidemiol.2010 Feb;39(1):209-11; author reply 213-4. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyp348. PMID: 19959604
11. Ding EL, Smit LA, Hu FB. The Metabolic Syndrome as Cluster of Risk Factors: Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of Its Parts? Archives of Internal Medicine. 2010 Mar 8;170(5):484-5. PMID: 20212187
12. Mekary RA, Ding EL. Analysis of Television Viewing and Physical Activity Using Time Substitution Models. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010 Jul 12;170(13):1173-4. PMID: 20625030
13. Ding EL, Mekary RA. Letter by Ding and Mekary Regarding Article, “Television Viewing Time and Mortality: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study”. Circulation 2010. 122:e472

Other Reports and Writings

• Ding EL, Wright JC, Liu S. Diabetes and Risk of Cancer. In: Colditz GA, editor. Encyclopedia of Cancer and Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc; September 12, 2007. ISBN-10: 1412949890.
• Li M, Ding EL. Liver Cancer Free Campaign: Mobilizing Public Support for Congressional Funding for Viral Hepatitis Research and Prevention Programs. North American Journal of Medicine and Science. January 2010. 33-34.
• Ding EL. What Hunger Really Means in The U.S. The Huffington Post. May 13, 2011.
• Ding EL. Sugary Beverages and Their Bitter Effects. The Huffington Post. November 23, 2011.
• Ding EL (chairman, report section). Lifestyle and prevention programmes for minorities. In: Nathalie Vercruysse and Aziza Haas, editors. Diabesity—A Worldwide Challenge. Towards a global initiative on gene-environment interactions in diabetes/obesity in specific populations. European Commission, Research and Innovation, Health Directorate. Brussels, Belgium. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012. ISBN 978-92-79-23496-5. doi 10.2777/80957
• Ding EL. Design of a Risk Factor Prevention Matrix for Time-Varying Changes in Mortality and Disease Burden. In: Brian Rogers and Christoph Nabholz, editors. Understanding the Drivers of Longevity. Risk Dialogue Series. Swiss Re Center for Global Dialogue, Switzerland, 2012. pp 21-37.

Doctorate Dissertation

• Ding EL. Sex Steroid Hormones and Type 2 Diabetes Risk. Harvard University, Faculty of Public Health, the Department of Epidemiology and the Department of Nutrition, Boston, Massachusetts. June 2007. [Doctorate dissertation archived at the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard University]