Activities January–March 2001

Executive Summary
The first quarter of 2001 was a period of reinforcement of the Center’s linkages inside and outside of Harvard, as well as of staff changes. Center faculty were active in at least nine university-wide committees or projects, giving substance to the Center’s policy of genuine collaboration within the university. With other academic partners, it was a time of planning for two significant cosponsored events: one, a global assembly on advancing the right to health; the other, a cross-disciplinary law and public health conference honoring Jonathan Mann. Relations with intergovernmental institutions were markedly advanced, especially through a new and expanded Memorandum of Understanding with WHO and completion of several studies for that organization. In addition to these reinforced relations, the Center welcomed two new staff members and the change in duties of a third.
      As usual, this report will first cover the core activities in education, training, linkages, and information before outlining salient events under each of the three programs during the first quarter of 2001.

Core Activities
Education and Training
In this period, Professor Sofia Gruskin concluded her B-period course Health and Human Rights and also taught the C-period course Women, Gender and Health with Professor Nancy Krieger for the third consecutive year. Again, the level of student interest was very high, and enrollment had to be limited to 25. The students were a wonderful group from a broad range of backgrounds, disciplines, and locations, which resulted in diverse points of view and excellent interactions. Also in this period, Professor Jennifer Leaning taught her C-period course Disaster Management.

Intensive Course on Health and Human Rights
During this period, planning continued for the 2001 Intensive Course on Health and Human Rights. The final program was set, and the course brochure was sent out to prospective participants. Discussions with the CCPE Office continued during this time regarding the administration of next June's course. The course will expand from last year, with the addition of Professor Leaning as co-course director with Professors Stephen Marks and Gruskin, and our partners from Boston University, and with an additional half-day of sessions.

Beyond Harvard
USAID Course
On January 10-11, Professors Marks and Gruskin served as faculty for a course on health and human rights for field and Washington-based staff of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The course was held at the Foreign Source Training Institute near Washington, DC. Professor Marks also coordinated the academic program.

Presentations/Guest Lectures
In January, Professor Leaning ran a three-hour seminar on human rights and humanitarian crises at Tufts University's Feinstein International Famine Center. On January 18, Professor Gruskin was one of three speakers on "Health and Human Rights: Exploring New Dimensions" in the "Wilson's Cat" monthly seminar, organized by the International Council on Human Rights Policy in Geneva at the OHCHR. On January 23, Professor Gruskin gave a lecture on health and human rights for the Faculty of Nursing at Chiang Mai University, Thailand, as part of her work with the ECI Thai Team.
     On February 2, Professor Gruskin gave a talk titled "HIV/AIDS and Human Rights: From Concepts to Action" at Yale University's Orville H. Schell, Jr. Center for International Human Rights. On February 22, Professor Gruskin gave a guest lecture titled "Constructing Health as a Human Right" for the spring 2001 Refugee Issues Seminar sponsored by the Program on Forced Migration and Health at Columbia University.
      In March, Professor Leaning taught an afternoon seminar on humanitarian response and humanitarian ethics at a Boston University course on humanitarian response. On March 26, Professor Marks gave a lecture to the Geneva Training Course of the International Service for Human Rights (ISHR). On February 14, Professor Marks served as the principal discussant at a luncheon sponsored by the Carnegie Council on Ethics in International Affairs. Rony Brauman, the former president of Médecins Sans Frontières, was the primary speaker.

Linkages and Partnerships
World Health Organization
In this period, discussions continued with the World Health Organization on a possible Third International Conference on Health and Human Rights, to be cosponsored by WHO and the FXB Center, in 2002 in Scandinavia. On March 20, Professor Marks met with the human rights staff person to agree on the principles of collaboration. On March 26, he and Professor Gruskin met with her again to discuss further details.

UNESCO
On January 30, Professor Marks participated in a colloquium at UNESCO in Paris on "Ethics, Patents and Genomics." His participation allowed him to reinforce contacts with the International Committee on Bioethics.

Health, Law and Human Rights: Exploring the Connections
Professors Marks, Leaning, and Gruskin serve on the Advisory Committee for the conference Health, Law and Human Rights: Exploring the Connections: An International Cross-Disciplinary Conference Honoring Jonathan M. Mann, to be held September 29-October 1, 2001 in Philadelphia. The conference is funded by the American Foundation for AIDS Research (AmFAR) and presented by the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, Beasley School of Law of Temple University, Temple Medical School, the University of Connecticut Health Sciences Center, and Georgetown University Law Center, in cooperation with the FXB Center.

Consortium for Health and Human Rights
The Consortium continues to meet regularly. In partnership with the Consortium, FXBC continues its work to compile an updated list of health and human rights courses and syllabi around the world, for web and possible print publication. In this period, initial research neared completion.

Global Health Assembly
During this period, planning continued for the global health assembly to be held April 12-15, 2001, titled "Advancing the Right to Health," which FXBC is cosponsoring along with the University of Iowa's Center for Human Rights, led by Burns Weston, and a number of other local groups in the health and medical communities. Professor Marks has played an instrumental role in drafting the program and identifying the speakers. He also worked with Vince Iacopino of PHR on setting up a meeting during the conference to incorporate amendments to the Draft Declaration on Human Rights and the Health Professions.

International Service for Human Rights (ISHR)
Professor Marks continues to coordinate the New York operation of this Geneva-based NGO. He participated in the ISHR Council meeting on March 16-17 and in the ISHR General Assembly on March 19 in Geneva, where he made a presentation on the organization of the new Research Department of the organization.

Albert Einstein Institution
During this period, Professor Marks participated in several discussions regarding the future of the Albert Einstein Institution (AEI) in his capacity as a board member of the organization. Professor Marks continues to act as treasurer and help with the transition to new leadership.

Carnegie Council on Ethics in International Affairs
As a member of the Advisory Committee of the Human Rights Initiative of the Carnegie Council, Professor Marks is active in integrating health and human rights concerns into this project. In addition to guest-editing an issue of the initiative's publication Human Rights Dialogue (see below under "Dissemination of Information"), he helped plan a panel for a professional conference in San Francisco in the fall.

Faculty Affairs
Professors Marks, Leaning, and Gruskin regularly attended PIH faculty meetings and general HSPH faculty meetings and other committees on which they serve. Professor Marks continues to serve on the HSPH search committee for a professor of ethics; Professor Gruskin continues to serve on the PIH Master of Science (MS) Committee. Professor Leaning continues to chair the Harvard University Student Health Coordinating Board and also serves on the PIH MS Committee. Both Professors Gruskin and Leaning are also members of the newly formed PIH curriculum committee. Professors Marks and Gruskin have been working on the PIH department's policy subcommittee to look at what courses could be put together for a policy track within the department.

HSPH Human Subjects Committee
In this period, Professor Gruskin was asked to serve for a five-year term on this committee, which reviews all biomedical and behavioral science research involving human subjects conducted or sponsored by HSPH.

Harvard Colloquium on International Affairs
Professors Marks and Leaning are both organizing panels for the 2001 Harvard Colloquium on International Affairs: A New American Foreign Policy for the Twenty-First Century, to be held on May 4-5 at Harvard Law School. Professor Marks's panel will focus on U.S. ratification of human rights treaties; Professor Leaning's will focus on U.S. vital interests in global health.

University Committee on Human Rights Studies
Professor Marks continues to be active on this committee and attended its meeting on February 21. He has been charged with making recommendations on undergraduate teaching of human rights and will report on that topic at a subsequent meeting in April.

Advisory Committee on Shareholder Responsibility
Professor Marks has been appointed to this committee, which reviews proposals for shareholder resolutions. He participated in committee meetings on February 26 and March 26.

Africa Now!
The Harvard AIDS Institute, in collaboration with the FXB Center and other partners, convened a summit on U.S.-based responses to AIDS in Africa, bringing together approximately 125 business, political, academic, and NGO-based leaders from Africa and the U.S., on November 12-14. Professors Marks and Gruskin continue to participate in the steering committee, which is working on a post-summit campaign to help address AIDS in Africa and to disseminate the summit's conclusions. In addition, Professor Gruskin has been working on various drafts of the meeting report and helping to conceptualize its focus and content.
Weatherhead Center for International Affairs
Professors Leaning and Marks have been working on a joint proposal with Professor Herb Kelman, Director of the Program on International Conflict Analysis and Resolution (PICAR), and Donna Hicks, Deputy Director of PICAR, for the Weatherhead Initiative. The proposal, titled "Institutionalizing Interactive Problem Solving for Conflict Resolution: Feasibility Assessment of an International Facilitating Service," had been submitted as a joint FXB-PICAR project for the University-wide competition for funding. Although the project was not selected for this award, Professors Marks and Leaning continue to work with PICAR in finding other funders for the project.

HSPH Working Group on Women, Gender and Health
WGH continues to meet monthly to discuss ways to foster the advancement of these issues in at the School. In this period, planning continued for a new course, WGH 210d, with a focus on women's mental health. The group is currently focused on the possibility of creating a minor in women, gender and health that would be open to all entering MS students. Plans are under way for a presentation to the Committee on Educational Policy (CEP) at their May meeting.

Harvard Project for International Health and Development
The FXB Center participated in the second annual career fair for this undergraduate group, held on February 2.

Dissemination of Information
Health and Human Rights Journal
Vol. 5, No. 1 appeared in January. The issue covers topics including women's mental health and human rights, sex workers in India, HIV/AIDS and other health issues in South Africa, informed consent issues in a study involving survivors of Srebrenica, and NGO efforts to protect and promote the right to health in Latin America. Vol. 5, No. 2, the special issue on children's health and human rights, continues to take shape. In this period, editorial work and peer reviews continued, and invitations were sent out to a few final possible contributors.

HSPH Around the School Newsletter
The lead article in the February 16 edition of HSPH's Around the School, focused on Professors Marks's and Leaning's support for a permanent International Criminal Court (ICC), quoting them extensively about the importance of the court.

Health and Human Rights in Times of Peace and Times of Conflict
The FXB Center is preparing to publish the proceedings of this symposium, held on April 12, 2000, in New York. In this period, editorial and production work neared completion.

Human Rights Dialogue
Professor Marks is editing a special issue on health and human rights for the Carnegie Council on Ethics in International Affairs publication, to appear in June 2001. Professor Marks's opening article will present an overview of the field.

Web Site
The Center's web site continues to function smoothly at its new location at www.hsph.harvard.edu/fxbcenter. In this period, Center staff expanded the site's links page and worked to improve search results for the site on the major search engines. Traffic statistics show a healthy volume of visitors for this period.

Seminar Series
In this period, the 2000-01 Seminar Series presented four speakers:

• Terezinha da Silva, Fellow, Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, "Mozambique in Transition: A Look at the Human Rights of the Elderly" (January 16)
  
• Les Roberts, Director of Health Policy, International Rescue Committee, "In the Wake of War: Who Dies, Why, and in What Numbers? New Insights from Empirical Research in the Congo" and "Civilian Deaths in War: Epidemiologic Assessment of Mortality in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo during August 1998-May 2000" (February 5)
  
• Bonnie Shepard, FXBC Visiting Fellow, "The State of the Art in Youth Sexual and Reproductive Health Programs: Partial Results from an Assessment for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation" (February 13)
  
• Martin Teitel, President, Council for Responsible Genetics, "Health and Human Rights in an Age of Biocommerce" (March 13)

The FXB Center sponsored two additional talks in this period:

• Paul Spiegel, Medical Epidemiologist, International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control, "Assessing Nutritional Surveys in Famine and War-Affected Regions" (March 8) (cosponsored with the Department of Population and International Health)
  
• Fiona Godlee, Editorial Director, BioMed Central, "The New Frontier of Online Publishing: How to Get Published in the 21st Century" (March 23)

Staff and Administration
Jenée Rogers joined the FXB Center on March 22 as a staff assistant. She will serve as the Center receptionist and assist Professor Marks.
Jenna LeMieux left her position as Professor Marks's executive assistant to take on two new part-time positions. She will work as a project officer at Claude Bruderlein's new Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at HSPH and will also be part-time program manager for the Program on Humanitarian Crises and Human Rights.
Paula Peché joined the FXB Center as Professor Marks's new executive assistant.

Program Activities
Program on International Health and Human Rights

Linkages and Partnerships
Enhancing Care Initiative (ECI)
This project is jointly carried out by the Harvard AIDS Institute, the FXB Center, other entities within Harvard, and counterpart institutions in Brazil, Senegal, Thailand, and South Africa. ECI has been developing a conceptual and practical framework on how to assess, plan for, and evaluate care for people living with HIV/AIDS, which includes human rights and gender-sensitive approaches. Professor Gruskin, one of the four Harvard investigators, supports management of the Initiative, works with each of the teams to ensure consistency in research and integrating human rights with their research agendas. She remains the focal point for the Brazilian team. A recent article by Ann Hannum in the newsletter of Harvard's David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies profiled Professor Gruskin's work with the Brazilian team and helped promote the ECI message. In January, Professor Gruskin worked extensively with Pikul Nantachaipan of the Thai team on development of a human rights research tool. She then spent January 22-27 with the Thai team in Chiang Mai, Thailand. While there, she made several site visits to see how the team works at the community level and participated in meetings of the human rights working group. A meeting of the ECI Thai Executive Committee was also convened to discuss the team's work plan, publications, relationships with the ECI-Harvard team members, and preparations for the 5th International Meeting on Home and Community Care for People Living with AIDS. Also in January, representatives from Merck spent the day at HSPH to discuss current and anticipated work on ECI over the next year.

UNAIDS
Professor Gruskin continues to work extensively with UNAIDS. In this period, discussions began concerning the UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on HIV/AIDS in June and the role the program will play in the event.

WHO
The program continues its collaboration with various departments of WHO, including Reproductive Health, Women's Health, Children's Health, and the newly created health and human rights unit. Professor Gruskin is an External Advisor on Health and Human Rights for the organization, which entails offering substance and technical assistance when requested. Biweekly phone calls with the Health and Human Rights Unit continue to ensure coherence in human rights work throughout the organization.
In this period, Professor Gruskin met with the executive directors of two clusters, Tomris Türmen of Family and Community Health and Ann Kearn of Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments, to discuss the program's engagement with various departments within their clusters. The interactions were very positive and promised substantial engagement in the future. In addition, two sets of meetings were held with the Child and Adolescent Health Department of WHO. These meetings included efforts toward reviewing and strengthening the current training tool they have developed for integrating child rights into health, which has now been tested in three regions where the department works.
Additionally, discussions are progressing toward creating several joint projects at the country level to bring child rights into child health policy and planning efforts. A series of meetings were also held with the Reproductive Health and Research Department of WHO to prepare a teaching curriculum for the International Council of Midwives to introduce them to concepts of reproductive rights that are relevant to their work. Some follow-up work was done in Boston as well. Plans also moved forward for strategic development of the department's reproductive rights agenda over the next two years.
Also, Professor Gruskin met with Helena Nygren-Krug from Human Rights at WHO, Craig Mokhiber from the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and Tim Evans, Nicola Valentine, and Dan Wikler from the WHO Cluster on Evidence and Information for Policy (CEIP) to begin discussions on more human rights-sensitive indicators.
Much work in this period focused on preparation of a publication on tuberculosis within a human rights framework and another on issues of mental health and human rights, as well as preparations for WHO submissions to the 2001 Commission on Human Rights; efforts toward 50 questions and answers on health and human rights, to be published during the next few months; and efforts toward enunciating a human rights strategy for the organization. Also in this period, work continued on the items contained within the Memorandum of Understanding between FXBC and WHO. These include:

• Production of an annotated bibliography on health and human rights, with updates to be done each year for two years. Former HSPH student Alexandra Huttinger continues to work on this project, and current HSPH master's student Christian Fung has provided additional research assistance. In this period, HSPH master's students Carey Johnson and Tony Ao were also hired as research assistants. The objective of the bibliography is to provide WHO staff and others with state-of-the-art pieces that articulate the links between health and human rights within their fields of work, as well as to identify the gaps where additional research needs to be done.
  
• Identification of health and human rights actors and institutions doing work on a global level. HSPH doctoral student Scott Gordon devised the initial survey and database for this project. A full-scale follow-up mailing was sent out in January, and we have now reached a highly successful 15% response rate. Efforts continue toward ensuring as many responses as possible. Meanwhile, HSPH master's student David Hanna continues to refine the database design and enter data from the surveys. This information will be stored in an online database.
  
• Articulation of WHO's strategy for the Human Rights Treaty Bodies, which will seek to bring more consistency to the organization's approach to working with the various bodies on reporting, questioning, and establishing indicators. Meetings related to this project will continue for one to two years. In this period, initial meetings were held with the secretariats for the treaty bodies, other agencies engaged in this process, and key informants within WHO to determine the most useful ways for WHO and the treaty bodies to work together.
  
• Health and human rights training for WHO staff. A new annex to the MOU has been agreed upon concerning the training of WHO headquarters, regional, and in-country staff on health and human rights. During the first year, Professor Gruskin and Dr. Mindy Roseman will develop a basic modular training on health and human rights that will be relevant and applicable to all WHO clusters. The training is expected to be field-tested later this year and revised on the basis of that experience. Specialized trainings on specific aspects of health and human rights will be developed subsequently, as will expanded trainings.
  
• Guidance for WHO in Mozambique on the WHO initiative "Making Pregnancy Safer" (MPS). MPS is WHO's project for integrating a human rights approach into national efforts towards reducing maternal mortality. In this period, Professor Gruskin and Dr. Roseman began an analysis of preexisting data on maternal and neonatal mortality from a human rights perspective and created a draft tool that is currently being reviewed by WHO, in the hope that it will have utility beyond the Mozambique project, for other MPS countries. After other team members have analyzed the same data from Mozambique from the perspectives of clinical medicine, health systems, and cost, the team will meet to examine the results and suggest new priorities.

Operationalizing Cairo and Beijing: A Training Initiative in Gender and Reproductive Health
This leadership training initiative, conducted in partnership with the World Health Organization and the Women's Health Project, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, has created a pilot course that has run four times in South Africa, as well as in China, Australia, Argentina, and Kenya, in preparation for production of the global curriculum in 2001. In this period, work toward finalization of the curriculum took place, including redrafting and editing of the modules and revisions and editing of the sessions within the rights module. The final curriculum will be launched this summer under the heading "Gender and Rights: Transforming Health Systems."

USAID
In March, Dr. Roseman spent a week in Albania consulting on a draft law on reproductive health through the U.S. Agency for International Development's SEATS program. She provided written comments on the law from the perspective of Albania's international and regional human rights obligations; gave a talk on comparative reproductive health law, the role of civil society participation, and using the UN system to help respect, protect, and fulfill human rights at a workshop attended by representatives of the Albanian Ministry of Health and the Parliamentary Subcommission on Health, UN agencies, NGOs, and donors; and produced a written report for USAID.

AVSC International and Center for Reproductive Law and Policy
Professor Gruskin began preparations for a joint training with AVSC International and the Center for Reproductive Law and Policy, to be held in conjunction with a Global Health Council meeting in Washington, DC on women's health and rights. South Africa Partners In this period, Program staff collaborated with South Africa Partners and other Boston-based NGOs to organize the March 29 event "Sisters Crossing Bridges II: Understanding Sexuality and the Sexual Rights of Women and Men," featuring Zanele Hlatshwayo and Ndivhuwo Masindi of the Women's Health Project (South Africa). Provea On February 6, Antonio Jose Gonzalez, the director of the information program at Provea, a human rights NGO in Venezuela, came on a USIS visit to discuss Professor Gruskin's work in health and human rights.

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Visiting Fellow
Ms. Shepard is the team leader of an assessment for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation of their sexual and reproductive health programs for youth. The assessment analyzed trends in the portfolio of 21 programs active in 36 countries and, based on the state of the art in the field, made recommendations for future strategies. She presented the team's findings in two symposia in Seattle on March 15 and 16. The first, hosted by PATH, the Population Council, and the International Women's Health Coalition, focused on "Meeting the Needs of Adolescent Girls in Developing Countries"; the second, hosted by the Gates Foundation, was titled "Adolescent Reproductive Health Technical Symposium." She also presented partial results at the FXB Seminar Series on February 13 (see above).

International Planned Parenthood Federation
Currently, Ms. Shepard is also working on a case study based on research conducted in July 2000 in Ecuador for the IPPF/Western Hemisphere Office on integrating gender issues into sexual and reproductive health programs.

Amnesty International
The FXB Center continues to engage in a number of activities with Amnesty International, both nationally and internationally. Professor Gruskin remains a member of the AIUSA Mandate Committee and is now responsible for helping to coordinate the AIUSA section's approach to economic, social, and cultural rights. In this capacity, she participated in a number of meetings and conference calls and helped to prepare the section response in relation to changes in the mandate.

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
In this period, discussions continued with federation headquarters concerning a joint training on AIDS and human rights, to be held in conjunction with the Fifth International Conference on Home and Community Care for Persons Living with HIV/AIDS (Chiang Mai, Thailand, December 2001).

Publications
WHO Paper on Poverty, Equity, Health, and Human Rights
Professor Gruskin completed the first draft of a paper on poverty, equity, health, and human rights with the noted economist Paula Braverman. WHO brought Professor Gruskin together with Paula Braverman in the hopes that a joint effort bringing together these two disciplines can provide solid advancement for the field. At a seminar held in Geneva with the staff of the Department of Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments, the major conclusions of the paper were discussed and input was received from a variety of individuals working on poverty, equity, and human rights. As a result of this discussion, it was agreed that the paper would make a useful contribution to the literature and would be recast for general publication over the next several months.

American Journal of Public Health
In this period, Professor Gruskin, Karen Plafker, and Allison Smith Estelle finalized their paper "How a Human Rights Framework Can Contribute to Understanding and Responding Appropriately to Substance Use by Youth" and submitted it to the American Journal of Public Health for publication.

Journal of the American Medical Women's Association
Also in this period, Professor Gruskin and Professor Nancy Krieger submitted their paper "Frameworks Matter: Ecosocial and Health and Human Rights Perspectives on Women and Health-The Case of Tuberculosis" to the Journal of the American Medical Women's Association for publication.

A Human Rights Approach to Tuberculosis
This publication, on which Professor Gruskin had worked, was released by WHO in time for World TB Day on March 24, 2000, which had a human rights theme. Peer Reviews In this period, Professor Gruskin conducted peer reviews for JAMA, the American Journal of Public Health, and Reproductive Health Matters on diverse topics relating to health and human rights.

Program on Humanitarian Crises and Human Rights

Linkages and Partnerships
Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research
Professor Leaning chairs the Advisory Committee for this program, based at the Harvard School of Public Health, which was launched this fall. An international web-based conference on conflict prevention was held in Nepal during this period.

Field Mission to Kosovo
During this period, Professor Leaning prepared for a return mission to Kosovo in April with the International Health Systems Group (IHSG) at HSPH and Physicians for Human Rights to assess the potential for professional capacity and institution building with physicians and other health care workers.

Expert Assessment Team on Sanctions
Professor Leaning has been working to develop an expert assessment team to evaluate the humanitarian impact of sanctions. The core team continues to meet, and a report on feasibility for UNICEF is in preparation.

People on War Project
In this period, Visiting Fellow Gilbert Holleufer's project People on War progressed rapidly. The project is the first-ever large-scale attempt to survey people who have been in war-torn areas around the world about their experiences in war and their ideas about what the norms of war should be. It also seeks to evaluate the impact of the work of the International Committee of the Red Cross over the past 50 years.

Partition of India Project
Professor Leaning is conducting a study on the feasibility of undertaking a large project on the effects of the partition of India. Initial findings from the field are promising, and a review seminar is planned for the spring. The project would be done in collaboration with the MIT-Mellon Inter-University Program on Non-Governmental Organizations and Forced Migration. Plans are underway for a summer conference to review findings.

Médecins Sans Frontières
Professor Leaning continued work on revising a proposal on collaboration between MSF and FXBC.

Mellon Foundation
Professor Leaning has received a grant from the Mellon Foundation for the development of a curriculum at HSPH on humanitarian crises, beginning with the MPH program and then expanding to the two-year programs. The grant will fund a part-time assistant and will contribute to the salary of a senior faculty member to be hired jointly by HSPH and Tufts University. The steering committee is now meeting regularly to plan for a September 2001 start date.

WHO Advisory Group on Research Priorities in Emergencies
Professor Leaning continues to participate in the ethics subgroup of this advisory group, which has been discussing informed consent issues. Key discussions are underway with a network of field practitioners and researchers.

Publications
USAID
In this period, Professor Leaning completed a working paper for USAID on human security and submitted it to the Crisis and Transition Unit of USAID's African Bureau. A working paper for the Harvard Center on Population and Development Studies is in preparation. A proposal for Year Two work (case studies) has been submitted to USAID/CERTI, and a case study of Angola is underway.

Physicians for Human Rights
Professor Leaning contributed to the Physicians for Human Rights report War Crimes in Kosovo: A Population Based Assessment of Human Rights Violations Against Kosovar Albanians. A second book, reporting specifics of physician engagement, is now in preparation.

Program on Human Rights in Human Development

Right to Development Project
The goal of the project is to establish 6 country projects applying a human rights-based approach to development. For each country, a series of studies will be commissioned on the development process and prospects for enhanced application of human rights to the promotion of health, food, and education. There will also be a practical component, with a small-scale project in each country applying the approach presented in the studies and in Dr. Arjun Sengupta's reports to the Commission on Human Rights in his capacity as the Independent Expert on the Right to Development.
In preparation for the launching of these country projects, Professor Marks attended the meeting of the Open-Ended Working Group on the Right to Development in Geneva on January 31. He addressed the meeting and met with several delegations. Professor Marks and Dr. Sengupta also met several times with the director of the Research and Right to Development staff of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights to finalize preferences for the recruitment of project staff in Boston and Geneva. They met separately with the Deputy High Commissioner, B. Ramcharan, and together with the High Commissioner, Mary Robinson.
Also in this period, Visiting Fellow Dr. Sengupta completed his third report on the right to development, with continued assistance from Rachel Hammonds.

Sengupta-Ignatieff Debate at the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, Kennedy School of Government
On February 9, the FXB Center and the Carr Center cosponsored "Defining the Right to Development," a debate between Michael Ignatieff, Visiting Carr Professor of Human Rights Practice, and FXBC Visiting Fellow Dr. Sengupta. Professor Marks served as moderator for the debate, which focused on whether there is a difference between a human rights approach to development and the right to development per se.

United Nations Development Programme
During this period, discussions continued regarding the grant proposal submitted to the HURIST program of UNDP. The project proposes to establish small-scale projects applying a human rights-based approach to development in Cambodia and Ghana, as the first of several country-specific projects on sustainable human development. Professor Marks reviewed the state of advancement of the project at UNDP headquarters in New York on February 14.

Princeton Project on Universal Jurisdiction
On January 25-27, Professor Marks attended a meeting of the Princeton Project on Universal Jurisdiction, at which the Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction were adopted. Participants included a number of international jurists. The purpose of the project is to examine the principled terms under which universal jurisdiction should be accepted by the international community. He also finished his chapter for the book that will result from this project.