Activities October –December 2001

Executive Summary
During the fourth quarter of 2001, the Center sustained its leadership role in the health and human rights field both at Harvard and in the wider community. FXB faculty taught two of the core courses in human rights at the School of Public Health. Center staff and faculty spoke extensively to various audiences around Harvard and beyond on subjects primarily dealing with the aftermath of September 11. The Center also played a prominent role at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, held in Atlanta from October 22 to 25.
      The Center's programs on International Health and Human Rights, Humanitarian Crises and Human Rights, and Human Rights in Development provided policy guidance and research insights to several national and international organizations (including USAID, WHO, UNAIDS, and the UN Commission for Human Rights). Specialized training courses were held for WHO staff and for the first class of the Inter-University Initiative on Humanitarian Studies and Field Practice, organized jointly with Tufts University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The programs also continued field activities located in fifteen countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cambodia, Ghana, India, Kosovo, Mali, Peru, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Senegal, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Thailand).
      Finally, it was a particularly productive period for FXB faculty, with approximately 15 articles, book chapters, and other products of research either published or accepted for publication. As usual, this report will first cover the core activities in education, training, collaboration, and information before outlining salient events under each of the three programs during the fourth quarter of 2001.

Core Activities
Education and Training
At Harvard
Professor Sofia Gruskin taught her course "Health and Human Rights: Concepts and Methods in Public Health." A majority of the twenty-five students who registered for the course were from the PIH department. The students were engaging and diverse, and all participants considered the course a success. Hannah Cooper, one of her doctoral students, served as teaching assistant. Student evaluations ranked the course at the highest rating, and Harvard Public Health Now described it as one of only nine courses within the school that got a "perfect" rating in the "A" period.
      Professor Stephen Marks taught his course "Development and Human Rights." The course was highly appreciated, as indicated by student evaluations. Several students maintained an interest in the field, and one submitted a paper that won the annual FXB Center Essay Contest.

Presentations/Guest Lectures
On October 2, Professor Gruskin taught on Human Rights and HIV/AIDS for the 2001 Arthur Ashe course "Practice of AIDS Medicine," offered by Harvard AIDS.
      On October 4, Professor Jennifer Leaning presented a lecture, "The Debate about the Public Health Response to Terrorism," which was part of the Harvard Injury Control Research Center Seminar Series. Also on October 4, Professor Leaning was guest lecturer for Introduction to Public Health Practice, taught by Richard Cash. She spoke on rapid public health assessment. On October 5, Professor Leaning organized and moderated a special panel at HSPH: "Understanding Afghanistan: The Human Security Crisis." Panel participants included Dr. Lynn Amowitz, who is a physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital and a fellow with Physicians for Human Rights, and Humayun Hamidzada, who is a student in the Humanitarian Studies Initiative at HSPH and had been project officer with UNDP and the World Bank in Afghanistan. Discussion topics included current public health conditions in Afghanistan (with a focus on women's health), the U.S. ground war against the Taliban, and the state of human security in the country. Approximately 200 members of the HSPH community attended.
      On October 8, Professor Leaning gave the keynote address at the Harvard Medical School Conference on Emergency Medicine into the 21st Century. The keynote, held at the Harvard Faculty Club, was entitled "The Role of Emergency Medicine in Refugee Situations." On October 10, Professor Leaning hosted a presentation by Robin Coupland, senior advisor on weapons and armed conflict at the International Committee of the Red Cross. Dr. Coupland spoke on "War Wounds: From Red Cross Field Hospital to International Humanitarian Law."
      On October 19, Professor Marks spoke to a large gathering of students in the Snyder Auditorium on "Response to September 11: Issues of International Security and Human Rights." On November 7, Professor Leaning gave a talk on clinical and public health aspects of bioterrorism. Dr. Mindy Roseman participated in a two-day conference, Sexual Rites/Human Rights, held on November 9 and 10, 2001, cosponsored by Harvard Law School's Human Rights Program. Dr. Roseman presented a paper "Sexual Rights, Reproductive Rights: Strategies, Agendas, and Developments in International Human Rights Law" and served as a respondent on a panel.
      On November 19, Professor Leaning spoke to the Advisory Board of the Department of Health Policy & Management on public health strategies and approaches to bioterrorism. On November 29, Professor Leaning served as commentator for a talk, "Challenge of Conflict Resolution-Post September 11," given by Mark Schneider of the International Crisis Group. The talk was part of a seminar series sponsored by the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies. On November 30, Professor Leaning gave a presentation on the psychosocial components of human security at a meeting of the Working Group on Human Security, chaired by Lincoln Chen. On December 7, Professor Leaning lectured on "Human Rights Assessment Skills" at the Humanitarian Studies Initiative Field Practice Seminar Series.

Beyond Harvard
Presentations/Guest Lectures
On October 18 and 19, Professor Leaning presented "Research Ethics in Complex Emergencies" at a Roundtable on Forced Migration in Washington, D.C., sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences. On October 23, Professor Marks spoke to the annual meeting to the American Public Health Association on "Responses to 9/11/01: Human Rights and the Use of Force by the U.S." On November 9, Professor Leaning participated in a conference on Genocide: History and Prevention, in Vienna, Austria, where she presented her paper, "Genocide: To Be Expected, Not Inevitable, Perhaps Preventable."
      Professor Gruskin presented several papers at the Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association, held in Atlanta from October 21 through 25. She presented "Health and Human Rights: Application and Accountability" at a special session coordinated by the Spirit of 1848 on "Data to Action to Accountability: Combining Social Justice, Evidence and Human Rights." Professor Gruskin also participated in a panel discussion on Human Rights and Women's Health Across the Globe, during which she presented her paper "Women's Health, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights." She also gave the opening address. In December, Dr. Roseman chaired a round of a discussions by experts on "Developing human rights indicators for reproductive health," which was held at WHO's Department of Reproductive Health and Research.
      On December 10, Professor Gruskin was a panelist for the Human Rights Day celebration at WHO. She served as a discussant for Stephanie Grant's lecture "What is Meant by a Rights-Based Approach?" Specifically, Professor Gruskin discussed what the "next steps" of a rights-based approach would be.
      Professor Gruskin then traveled to Ghana for UNAIDS where she taught a short course, "HIV/AIDS and Human Rights," to develop NGO and government ability to identify and address human rights issues in HIV programs. Professor Gruskin delivered six sessions over the course of two days including sessions on "Human Rights from a Personal Perspective," "Introduction to International Human Rights in Relation to HIV/AIDS," "Balancing the Burdens and Benefits of Human Rights in Relation to HIV/AIDS Policies and Programs (A Case Study)" and "Risk, Vulnerability, and Human Rights." Approximately 50 people attended the course, which was well received and will help strengthen the integration of human rights into Ghanaian AIDS programmatic work in the future.
      With the support of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Professor Gruskin organized and ran a training on AIDS and human rights that was held in conjunction with the Fifth International Conference on Home and Community Care for Persons Living with HIV/AIDS, held in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in December. The session offered training on the human rights framework to representatives of community-based organizations to aid them in their work. This satellite session brought together and provided initial training to more than 120 participants. Professor Gruskin gave two talks at the session: "Human Rights and HIV/AIDS: An Introduction to Contents, Means and Methods of Applying Human Rights to HIV/AIDS Work," and "Introduction and Overview of Applying the Human Rights Framework to HIV/AIDS Policies and Programs." Other presentations included "Living with HIV/AIDS: a Human Rights Perspective," "The Role of the International Federation of the Red Cross," and "The Role of Community Based Organizations." Professor Gruskin then had participants examine several case studies in small group discussions before she closed the session with a summary and suggestions for next steps.

FXB Center Collaborations and Partnerships
With NGOs and Other Institutions
Albert Einstein Institution
Professor Marks continued to serve as acting treasurer and board member of this Boston-based NGO and, in that capacity, attended board meetings in Boston on October 3 and December 21.

American Public Health Association
Professor Marks participated actively in the annual meeting of the APHA in Atlanta. He spoke on curriculum development on health and human rights at the open forum organized by the International Human Rights Committee on October 22. He also chaired a panel, "Human Rights and Violence," on October 23 and attended business meetings of the International Human Rights Committee.

Carnegie Council on Ethics in International Affairs
As a member of the Human Rights Initiative of the Carnegie Council, Professor Marks attended a meeting held on October 9. He also collaborated with the Council on the Center's behalf and contributed an article to a special issue of its publication Human Rights Dialogue, which was devoted to Rights and the Struggle for Health.

International Service for Human Rights (ISHR)
Steve continued to represent this Geneva-based NGO at the UN in New York. He worked with Deputy Representative Michelle Evans on setting up a New York office to serve as a base for FXB Center staff who attend UN functions.

At HSPH and Harvard
Faculty Affairs
Professors Marks, Leaning and Gruskin regularly attended PIH faculty meetings and general HSPH faculty meetings and other committees on which they serve. Professor Marks served on the HSPH search committee for a professor of ethics. Professor Leaning continued to chair the Harvard University Student Health Coordinating Board, served on the PIH MS Committee, and served on a faculty search committee. Professor Gruskin served on the Human Subjects Committee for HSPH.

University Committee on Human Rights Studies
As a member of the subcommittee on curriculum, Professor Marks participated in a meeting on October 29. He also participated in a general meeting of the committee on December 13.

Working Group on Women, Gender and Health
The WGH continued to meet monthly. During this period, Professor Gruskin chaired several of the meetings, including one open to all interested faculty members to update them on current WGH activities and to solicit their support prior to resubmitting a proposal for the Interdepartmental Program on Women, Gender and Health to the Committee on Educational Policy. This open meeting drew new faculty members from a range of departments who committed their involvement to the future growth of WGH.

Publications and Information
Health and Human Rights, Volume 5, Number 2
The special issue on children's health and human rights continued to take shape. As the events of September 11 have changed the dates for the World Summit for Children, the focus of the issue shifted to provide more country-based examples of the application of a rights-based approach to child health. Editorial work and peer reviews continued. This issue includes pieces on a range of subjects, including economic exploitation, adolescent sexual and reproductive rights, the impact differential treatment has on the rights and health of girls and boys, the impact public policy choices have on the health of children, and positive examples of work in policy and programming in children's health and human rights from national and international organizations.

Web Site
The Center's Web site continued to function smoothly at www.hsph.harvard. edu/fxbcenter, and plans were discussed to have the site updated regularly.

Working Paper Series
Professor Marks updated his working paper "The Human Rights Framework for Development: Five Approaches," which was reissued.

Staff and Administration
Arrivals
During the fourth quarter of 2001, Mark Hancock, Robyn Libson, and Diana Perry joined the FXB Center as staff assistants.

Departures
Mark Henderson left his position as interim outreach coordinator to pursue a freelance career.

Program Activities
International Health and Human Rights Program

The International Health and Human Rights Program continued to undertake a strategic planning exercise that will help assure a reasoned approach to future growth and development. All program staff participated in defining the plan's mission, objectives, and priorities.

Collaborations and Partnerships
At HSPH and Harvard
Enhancing Care Initiative
This project is jointly carried out by the Harvard AIDS Institute, the FXB Center, other entities within Harvard, and counterpart institutions in Brazil, Senegal, South Africa, Thailand, and Puerto Rico. ECI has been developing a conceptual and practical framework for assessing, planning for, and evaluating the care of people living with HIV/AIDS, which includes human rights and gender-sensitive approaches. Professor Gruskin, one of the four Harvard investigators, supported management of ECI and worked with each of the teams to ensure consistency in research and integrating human rights and gender into their research agendas. Efforts also began to assess lessons learned from the ECI process, which included carrying out a number of structured exercises and compiling information for publication and to determine future ECI activities.
      Much attention was also paid to preparing for and running a number of ECI activities that coincided with the Fifth International Conference on Community-Based Care held at the end of December in Chang Mai Thailand. Events there included a Care for the Care Givers skill-building session, the previously mentioned HIV/AIDS and Human Rights skill-building session, an ECI Team meeting, an ECI Resource Group meeting, and an ECI symposium focused on assessing, understanding, and improving care and on the needs for palliative and respite care.
      Each team sent two representatives and considerable work was done both in preparing and working with teams to develop a conceptual and strategic work plan for the next several years. Meetings were also held individually with each team to assess current and future work, and to begin to solidify ECI's future direction.

With National and International Institutions
UNAIDS
The Program continued to work extensively with UNAIDS.
      The Program began working with UNAIDS and the Committee on the Rights of the Child on a draft of a General Comment on HIV/AIDS and the Rights of the Child. Professor Gruskin traveled to Geneva to meet with UNAIDS and the Committee in a closed session to determine the nature and scope of the issues considered in the draft.
      Professor Gruskin also traveled to Ghana with the Law and Human Rights Advisor for UNAIDS to facilitate a workshop on human rights and HIV/AIDS. Over a two-day period, She led six sessions that covered various issues of international human rights and HIV/AIDS. Surabhi Kukke continued to provide support in shaping the content and approach of the Vulnerability Training Modules, which will be submitted to UNAIDS shortly.

World Health Organization
The program continued its collaboration with various departments of WHO. Professor Gruskin continued as an external adviser on Health and Human Rights for the organization. In that capacity, she offers substance and technical assistance when requested.
      Work also continued on the items contained within the Memorandum of Understanding between IHHRP and WHO. These included:

• Production of an annotated bibliography on health and human rights. The bibliography's objective is to give WHO staff and others access to state-of-the-art information that articulates the links between health and human rights within specific fields of work and to identify gaps where additional research is required. Former HSPH student Alexandra Huttinger continued to work on this project, and a number of current PIH students have been engaged in researching articles and providing abstracts in the following areas.
• Identification of health and human rights actors and institutions doing work on a global level. HSPH doctoral student Scott Gordon devised the initial survey and database for this project. A full-scale follow-up mailing sent out in January yielded a highly successful 15% response rate. Meanwhile, HSPH master's-degree student David Hanna continued to refine the database design and enter data from the surveys. This information is being stored online and will be available at the FXBC Web site and on an intranet for internal use by WHO staff.
• Support for WHO's strategy for the human rights treaty bodies. This initiative seeks to bring more consistency to the organization's approach to working with various bodies on reporting, providing information. and establishing indicators. Meetings were held with representatives from a number of departments within WHO to ensure the draft strategy best reflects the concerns and suggestions of all concerned. Also in this period, meetings were held with several UN agencies involved in similar endeavors and work began on a strategic framework document. HSPH student Eduardo Pesqueira is providing substantive support to our work on this project.
• Health and human rights training for WHO staff. It was agreed that during the first year, a basic modular training on health and human rights that would be relevant and applicable to all WHO clusters would be developed. The training will be field tested early next year and revised on the basis of that testing, with a final product ready later in the year. Specialized trainings on specific aspects of health and human rights will be developed subsequently, as will expanded trainings. Further refinement of the initial framework and content of the module was presented to WHO staff Additional revisions are taking place based upon the results of this meeting.
• Guidance for integrating a health and human rights approach into the WHO initiative "Making Pregnancy Safer" (MPS). Professor Gruskin and Dr. Roseman continued their analysis of preexisting data on maternal and neonatal mortality from a human rights perspective and further refined the draft tool based upon input from WHO staff. Meetings were held with WHO in this period to review existing work and to ensure consistency in future directions on the work in Mozambique.

In conjunction with the discussion of experts held at WHO, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, in December 2001 concerning "Developing human rights indicators for reproductive health," a one day meeting was held in which the draft tool was presented to outside experts for comment. A lively meeting ensued and the end result included a number of suggestions for further refinement and improvement which will be incorporated over the next few months.

Operationalizing Cairo and Beijing: A Training Initiative in Gender and Reproductive Health
This leadership training initiative, conducted in partnership with the World Health Organization and the Women's Health Project, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, has created a 3 week training course. The final curriculum was launched as a WHO publication at the end of this year under the heading "Transforming Health Systems: Gender and Rights in Reproductive Health." The next few months will see a number of efforts to ensure widespread dissemination.

USAID/Lima, Peru, and Movimiento Manuela Ramos
In September, Bonnie Shepard started as team leader of the midterm evaluation of the Reprosalud project, an ambitious reproductive health and women's empowerment project that works in five regions in the highlands of Peru with indigenous women and men. She completed two trips to Peru during this quarter to collect data for the evaluation, and began to analyze a qualitative database of 71 interviews from health and local authorities, and members of community-based organizations, from 5 departments (states) in the Andean highlands.

With NGOs
Boston Women's Health Book Collective (BWHBC)
Bonnie Shepard continues to serve on the BWHBC's Board of Directors as the chair of the Collective's Program Committee, and played an especially active role this semester, continuing into the next year, as the collective begins to conduct strategic planning to determine future directions.

Catholics for Free Choice
As Senior Consultant for Catholics for Free Choice, in Washington, D.C., Bonnie Shepard continued to coordinate its Latin America program and to provide technical assistance in strategic planning and advocacy to chapters of that organization in Latin America, and to coordinate technical assistance to other organizations that need support in sexual and reproductive health advocacy within a Catholic context. She accompanied Frances Kissling, president of Catholics for Free Choice, on a visit to Chile and Brazil. They visited the Chilean Institute of Reproductive Medicine and other Chilean NGOs and helped design and negotiate support for a regional training course on public-policy advocacy in reproductive rights.
      Ms. Shepard also assisted two Latin American affiliates-Católicas pelo Direito a Decidir, in Brazil, and Católicas por el Derecho a Decidir, in Bolivia-in strategic planning and evaluation. She also attended a conference, organized by the Population Council's Latin American office, on the latest developments in research on abortion in Latin America.

International Planned Parenthood Federation
Ms. Shepard has also been working on a case study based on research conducted in July 2000 in Ecuador for the IPPF/Western Hemisphere Office. The research examined integrating gender issues into sexual and reproductive health programs. It will be published as an FXBC Working Paper.

Publications
Academic Journals
American Journal of Public Health
Professor Gruskin was named an Associate Editor for AJPH. In that capacity, she will focus primarily on issues of health, human rights, and HIV/AIDS. In its December issue, AJPH published "How a Human Rights Framework Can Contribute to Understanding and Responding Appropriately to Substance Abuse by Youth," cowritten by Professor Gruskin, Karen Plafker, and Allison Smith Estelle. Professosr Gruskin submitted to AJPH two additional pieces, both of which were accepted. The first was an editorial entitled "The United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS: A Landmark Event, But Were Some Lessons of the Last 20 Years Ignored?" The second was a "Letter to the Editor" in response to Nancy Kass's article "An Ethics Framework for Public Health" (AJPH, vol 91, no. 11, November 2001).

Health and Human Rights
Professor Gruskin wrote the editorial, "A World Fit for Children: Are Human Rights Part of the Problem or Part of the Solution?" for the forthcoming special children's issue of Health and Human Rights.

Also, a Spanish translation of volume 4, number 2, of Health and Human Rights, which focused on reproductive and sexual rights, was published in book form as Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos, with Professor Gruskin as editor.

Journal of the American Medical Women's Association
JAMWA published the article "Frameworks Matter: Ecosocial and Health and Human Rights Perspectives on Women, Gender and Health-the Case of Tuberculosis," which Professor Gruskin coauthored with Nancy Krieger.

Promotion and Education
Professor Gruskin's article, "The Health and Human Rights Approach: Concepts and Action" was published in the 2001 special supplement edition of Promotion and Education.

Chapters and Books
HIVinsite
Professor Gruskin coauthored a paper with Daniel Tarantola, "HIV/AIDS and Human Rights: Current Thinking and Approaches," for the Web site HIVinsite run by the University of California, San Francisco, http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite. jsp?page=KB, UCSF (2001).

Handbook for the Design and Management of Programs
HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care Programs in Resource-Constrained Settings: A Handbook for the Design and Management of Programs (edited by P. Lamptey, H. Gayle, and P. Mane and published by Family Health International), which included a chapter co-written by Professor Gruskin and Daniel Tarantola "HIV/AIDS, Health and Human Rights," was published.

WHO
Professor Gruskin was a co-author of the book Transforming Health Systems: Gender and Rights in Reproductive Health, A Training Manual for Health Managers published by the World Health Organization during this period.

Peer Reviews
In this period, Professor Gruskin conducted several peer reviews for the American Journal of Public Health, The International Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, Reproductive Health Matters, and The Lancet as well as for several documents on human rights that UNAIDS will release.

Program on Humanitarian Crises and Human Rights

Collaborations and Partnerships
At HSPH and Harvard
Capacity-Building Project in Kosovo
Professor Leaning continued to work on this project with colleagues at the International Health Systems Group (IHSG) at HSPH and Physicians for Human Rights. The goal of the project is to assess the potential for professional capacity and institution building with physicians and other health-care workers. Planning began for a return trip to Kosovo during the spring of 2002.

Institute for International Emergency Medicine and Health/Fellowship Program on International and Disaster Medicine
Professor Leaning continued to work with partners at Harvard Medical School and the Brigham and Women's Hospital to coordinate and plan for the expansion of the fellowship program. During this period, Professor Leaning began working more closely with this year's fellows, advising them on academic issues related to their MPH studies at HSPH.

Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research
Professor Leaning chaired the Advisory Committee for this program, based at Harvard School of Public Health, which was launched in the fall of 2001. In October, a week-long seminar on international humanitarian law, co-sponsored by the International Committee of the Red Cross, was held in New Hampshire. More than 30 seasoned humanitarian and human rights professionals attended the seminar. Professor Leaning led a two-hour session on human rights and civilian protection in war. In addition, on December 14 she chaired an HPCR advisory committee meeting.

With NGOs and Other Institutions
Fetzer Project on Compassion in War
Work on the project to examine altruism and compassion in settings of war and conflict, which utilizes qualitative data from the People on War project continued, focused most recently on background research and literature review, the analytical focus of the project, and Nancy Briton's attendance at a two-day seminar with the other principal investigators. This project is funded by a one-year grant that Professor Leaning received from the Fetzer Institute.

Inter-University Initiative on Humanitarian Studies and Field Practice
The first class of the Inter-University Initiative on Humanitarian Studies and Field Practice officially began. This new program, which Professor Leaning is spearheading, allows students from MIT and Tufts Univeristy to incorporate certain requirements into their individual programs of study. These requirements provide not only a solid foundation in humanitarian studies but also a flexible curriculum based on students' backgrounds and interest.
      The first class of 22 HSI students (9 from HSPH) began their studies at their host institutions. One of the critical activities was planning for and facilitating the field-practice seminar series-a year-long, weekly, skills seminar required for all 22 students in the program. Held at MIT every Friday afternoon, the seminar series featured more than a dozen seminars on such skills as conducting a rapid public health assessment; NGO management; human rights assessment skills; cross-cultural issues; and working with the UN consolidated appeals process. Program administration during this period focused on the logistics of students' academic and administrative needs.

Partition of India Project
Professor Leaning received a grant from the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs to hold an expert seminar to examine the feasibility of conducting a demographic study of the Partition of India. Initial findings from the study, conducted over the last two years in collaboration with Dr. Arup Maharatna in India, have been promising. The workshop, to be held at Harvard in spring 2002, will bring together a small group of demographers and experts on partition to discuss undertaking this large-scale project. During this period, initial planning for the expert seminar began.

People on War Project
Gilbert Holleufer continued to work (from his home in Switzerland) on the project he began during his year as a fellow with the FXB center. The People on War Project, the first large-scale attempt to conduct a worldwide survey of people in war-torn areas, examined their experiences in war and sought to evaluate the impact of the work of the International Committee of the Red Cross over the past 50 years. Work continued on the final manuscript. Final collaborations will continue on this project in the coming months.

USAID/Human Security Project
Professor Leaning continued her work with the CERTI project (Complex Emergency Response and Transition Initiative) at USAID. The first phase of the project included completion of a working paper for the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies. This paper set forth a new conceptual framework for human security and included suggestions for incorporating the framework into USAID policy.
      Phase two of the project will involve producing a series of documents exploring in detail how the human security framework can be incorporated into the work of USAID. These documents will include a detailed case study of Angola; analyses of the work of 12 USAID missions from a human security perspective; and policy recommendations based on the findings of the case study and the detailed country analyses.

WHO Advisory Group on Research Priorities in Emergencies
Professor Leaning continued to participate in WHO's ethics subgroup, which has been discussing informed-consent issues. Key discussions have been underway with a network of field practitioners and researchers for a fall conference in Washington, D.C.

Publications
Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Paper Series
As part of the first phase of the CERTI project at USAID, Professor Leaning cowrote, with S. Arie, "Human Security: A Framework for Assessment in Conflict and Transition," which will be a working paper of the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Paper Series.

Pfizer Journal
Professor Leaning contributed to the Pfizer Journal's Global Edition, Responding to the Global Public Health Challenge of Violence, which came out in November.

Program on Human Rights in Development

Right to Development Project
This Dutch-funded project involves support for Dr. Arjun Sengupta, the Independent Expert on the Right to Development and a fellow at the FXB Center. He and Professor Marks have been in charge of a seven-country research program, coordinated with of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and UNDP. They have commissioned a series of studies on the development process and prospects for enhanced application of human rights to the promotion of health, food, and education. There is also a practical component, with one or more small-scale projects in each country that is applying the approach to development.
      Dr. Sengupta worked at the Center offices in October and November. Professor Marks also traveled to Mali on November 29 and stayed until December 2. While there he met with the country team and directed a training program for the steering committee of the town of Kati, which is organizing itself as a human rights city. The training focused on the application of the rights to health, to education, and to adequate food.
      Rachel Hammonds handled the research program, and Padmini Narayan took up her functions as project manager.

Publications
American Journal of Public Health
Professor Marks (with Cheryl Easley and Russell Morgan) published an editorial entitled "The Challenge and Place of International Human Rights in Public Health" for the December 2001 issue of the AJPH.

Human Rights Dialogue
Professor Marks contributed an essay entitled "The New Partnership of Health and Human Rights" to Human Rights Dialogue, which can be found on pages 21 and 22 of vol. 2, no. 4, of 2001.

Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics
Professor Marks wrote an article "Jonathan Mann's Legacy to the 21st Century: The Human Rights Imperative for Public Health," which was published in volume 29, number 2 of that journal.