The Project on Global Working Families: Alyssa Rayman-Read

GWFlogo Menu bar

Bibliography of Research Relevant to Index Items

Click on an Item title to see bibliographic information specific to that topic, or scroll down to see complete bibliography.

Item 1: Paid leave for childbearing and childrearing
Item 2: Infant and toddler care
Item 3: Early childhood education and care
Item 4: Working adults’ availability to provide routine care for children
Item 5: Educational opportunities and supervision for school-age children throughout the day
Item 6: Educational opportunities and supervision for school-age children throughout the year
Item 7: Paid leave and flexibility for children’s educational needs
Item 8: Paid leave and flexibility for children’s health needs
Item 9: Access of children with special needs and disabilities to equal educational opportunities
Item 10: Health supports for children with special needs and disabilities
Item 11: Access of adults with disabilities to equal employment opportunities
Item 12: Access of adults with disabilities to participate fully in family and community activities
Item 13: Health supports for disabled adults
Item 14: Access of older adults to equal employment opportunities
Item 15: Access of older adults to participate fully in family and community activities
Item 16: Health supports for older adults
Item 17: Policies to meet basic needs of those unable to work
Item 18: Working adults’ availability to provide routine care for older and disabled family members
Item 19: Paid leave and flexibility for adult family members’ health and other essential needs
Item 20: Paid leave for personal health needs

The Role of Equity

Item 1: Paid leave for childbearing and childrearing

Anisfeld, E. & Lipper, E. (1983). Early contact, social support, and mother-infant bonding. Pediatrics, 72(1): 79-83.

Arnold, C., Makintube, S. & Istre, G. (1993). Daycare attendance and other risk factors for invasive Haemophilus influenzae type B disease. American Journal of Epidemiology, 138(5): 333–40.

Avery, M.E. (1992). A 50-year overview of perinatal medicine. Early Human Development, 29(1-3): 43-50.

Bates, C.J. & Prentice, A. (1994). Breast milk as a source of vitamins, essential minerals and trace elements. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 62(1-2): 193-220.

Binns, C.W. & Scott, J.A. (1998). Factors associated with the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a review of the literature. Australian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 55(2): 51-61.

Canter, D., Waldfogel, J., Kerwin, J., Wright, M.M., Levin, K., Rauch, J., Hagerty, T. & Kudela, M.S. (2001). Balancing the Needs of Families and Employers: The Family and Medical Leave Surveys 2000 Update. Rockville, MD: Westat. Available online at: http://www.dol.gov/asp/fmla/main2000.htm. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. (2002). Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Lancet, 360(9328): 187-95.

Crouch, M. & Manderson, L. (1995). The social life of bonding theory. Social Science & Medicine, 41(6): 837-44.

Cunningham, A.S., Jelliffee, D.B. & Jelliffee, E.F.P. (1991). Breast-feeding and health in the 1980s: A global epidemiologic review. Journal of Pediatrics, 118(5): 659–66.

Dalto, G.C. (1989). A structural approach to women’s hometime and experience earnings profiles: Maternity leave and public policy. Population Research and Policy Review, 8: 247-266.

Dewey, K., Heinig, M. & Nommsen-Rivers, L. (1995). Differences in morbidity between breastfed and formula-fed infants. Part 1. Journal of Pediatrics, 126(5): 696–702.

Duncan, B., Ey, J., Holberg, C., Wright, A., Martinez, F. & Taussig, L. (1993). Exclusive breast-feeding for at least 4 months protects against otitis media. Pediatrics, 91(5): 867–72.

Feachem, R.G. & Koblinsky, M.A. (1984). Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: Promotion of breast-feeding. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 62(2): 271–91.

Feldman, R., Weller, A., Leckman, J.F., Kuint, J. & Eidelman, A.I. (1999). The nature of the mother’s tie to her infant: maternal bonding under conditions of proximity, separation, and potential loss. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 40(6): 929-39.

Galinsky, E. & Bond, J.T. (1998). The 1998 business work-life study: A sourcebook. New York: The Families and Work Institute.

Gielen, A.C., Faden, R.R., O'Campo, P., Brown, C.H. & Paige D.M. (1991). Maternal employment during the early postpartum period: effects on initiation and continuation of breast-feeding. Pediatric, 87: 298-305.

Habicht, J.P., DaVanzo, J. & Butz, W.P. (1986). Does breastfeeding really save lives, or are apparent benefits due to biases? American Journal of Epidemiology, 123(2): 279–90.

Henry, J.P. & Wang, S. (1998). Effects of early stress on adult affiliative behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23(8): 863-75.

Hobcraft, J.N., McDonald, J. & Rutstein, S. (1985). Demographic determinants of infant and early child mortality: A comparative analysis. Population Studies, 39(21): 363–85.

Howie, P., Forsyth, J., Ogston, S., Clark, A. & Florey, C. (1990). Protective effect of breast feeding against infection. British Medical Journal, 300 (6716): 11–16.

Johnson, C.K., Gilbert, M.D. & Herdt, G.H. (1979). Implications for adult roles from differential styles of mother-infant bonding: an ethological study. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 167(1): 29-37.

Kearney M.H. & Cronenwett, L. (1991). Breastfeeding and employment. Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 20: 471-80.

Kurinij, N., Shiono, P.H., Ezrine, S.F. & Rhoads, G.G. (1989). Does maternal employment affect breast-feeding? American Journal of Public Health, 79 (9): 1247-1250.

Labbok, M.H. (1999). Health sequelae of breastfeeding for the mother. Clinics in Perinatology, 26(2): 491-503.

Lamb, M.E. (1982). Early contact and maternal-infant bonding: one decade later. Pediatrics, 70(5): 763-8.

Lindberg, L.D. (1996). Women’s decisions about breastfeeding and maternal employment. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(1): 239-251.

Macran, S., Dex, P. & Joshi, H. (1996). Employment after childbearing: A survival analysis. Work, Employment, and Society, 10(2): 273-296.

Mertin, P.G. (1986). Maternal-infant attachment: a developmental perspective. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 26(4): 280-3.

Naylor, A.J. & Morrow, A. (eds). (2001). Developmental Readiness of Normal Full Term Infants to Progress from Exclusive Breastfeeding to the Introduction of Complementary Foods: Reviews of the Relevant Literature Concerning Infant Immunologic, Gastrointestinal, Oral Motor and Maternal Reproductive and Lactational Development. Washington, DC: Wellstart International and the LINKAGES Project/Academy for Educational Development.

Noble, S. (2001). Maternal employment and the initiation of breastfeeding. Acta Paediatrica, 90(4): 423-428.

Ruhm, C.J. (2000). Parental leave and child health. Journal of Health Economics, 19(6): 931-960.

Ruhm, C.J. (1998). The economic consequences of parental leave mandates: Lessons from Europe. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(1): 285-317.

Taubenheim, A.M. (1981). Paternal--infant bonding in the first-time father. JOGN Nursing, 10(4): 261-4.

Waldfogel, J., Higuchi, Y. & Abe, M. (1999). Family leave policies and women's retention after childbirth: Evidence from the United States, Britain, and Japan. Journal of Population Economics, 12(4): 523-545

Waldfogel, J. (1998). The family gap for young women in the United States and Britain: Can maternity leave make a difference? Journal of Labor Economics, 16(3): 505-545.

Watkins, C.J., Leeder, S.R. & Corkhill, R.T. (1979). The relationship between breast and bottle feeding and respiratory illness in the first year of life. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 33(3): 180–82.

Wright, A., Holberg, C., Martinez, F., Morgan, W. & Taussig, L. (1989). Breast feeding and lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life. British Medical Journal, 299(6705): 946–49.

Back to Top

Item 2: Infant and toddler care

Anderson, D. & Levine, P. (2000). Child care and mother’s employment decisions. In D. Card & R. Blank (eds.), Finding jobs: Work and welfare reform. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Bellamy, C. (2000). The State of the World's Children 2001: Early Childhood: United Nations Children's Fund. New York: UNICEF.

Blau, D.M. & Hagy, A.P. (1998). The demand for quality in child care. Journal of Political Economy, 106(1): 104-146.

Boocock, S.S. (1995). Early Childhood Programs in Other Nations: Goals and Outcomes. Future of Children, 5(3): 94-114.

Brayfield, A.P. (1995). A Bargain At Any Price - Child-Care Costs and Womens Employment. Social Science Research, 24(2): 188-214.

Budig, M.J. & England, P. (2001). The Wage Penalty for Motherhood. American Sociological Review, 6: 204-225.

Bundy, D. (1997). Health and Early Child Development. In: M.E. Young (ed.), Early child development: investing in our children's future : proceedings of a World Bank Conference on Early Child Development: Investing in the Future, Atlanta, Georgia, April 8-9, 1996. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Chaplin, D.D., Hofferth, S.L. & Wissoker, D.A. (1996). Price and quality in child care choice - A revision. Journal of Human Resources, 31(3): 703-706.

Chin-Quee, D.S. & Scarr, S. (1994). Lack of Early Child Care Effects on School-Age Children's Social Competence and Academic Achievement. Early Development & Parenting, 3(2): 103-12.

Cynader, M.S. & Frost, B.J. (1999). Mechanisms of brain development: Neuronal sculpting by the physical and social environment. In D.P. Keating & C. Hertzman (eds.), Developmental health and the Wealth of Nations: Social, Biological, and Educational Dynamics. New York: The Guilford Press.

Erickson, R.J., Nichols, L. & Ritter, C. (2000). Family influence on absenteeism: Testing and expanded process model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 57(2):246-272.

Frede, E. (1998). Preschool Program Quality in Programs for Children in Poverty. In W. Barnett & S. Boocock (eds.), Early Care and Education for Children in Poverty: Promises, Programs, and Long-Term Results. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Fuchs, V.R. (ed.). (1988). Women's Quest for Economic Equality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Glass, J.L. & Estes, S.B. (1996). Workplace support, child care, and turnover intentions among employed mothers of infants. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3): 317-335.

Grover, S.L. & Crooker, K.J. (1995). Who appreciates family-responsive human-resource policies: The impact of family-friendly policies on the organizational attachment of parents and non-parents. Personnel Psychology, 48(2): 271-288.

Heymann, S.J. (2000). The Widening Gap: Why America’s Working Families Are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Basic Books.

Hofferth, S.L. & Wissoker, D.A. (1992). Price, Quality, and Income in Child-Care Choice. Journal of Human Resources, 27(1): 70-111.

Hofferth, S.L., Chaplin, D.D., Wissoker, D.A. & Robins, P.K. (1996). Choice characteristics and parents' child-care decisions. Rationality and Society, 8(4): 453-495.

Institute for Women’s Policy Research. (1996). The Status of Women in the States. Washington, DC: Institute for Women’s Policy Research.

Johansen, A.S., Leibowitz, A. & Waite, L.J. (1996). The importance of child-care characteristics to choice of care. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(3): 759-772.

Joshi, H., Paci, P. & Waldfogel, J. (1999). The wages of motherhood: Better or worse. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23(5): 543-564.

Martorell, R. (1997). Undernutrition During Pregnancy and Early Childhood: Consequences for Cognitive and Behavioral Development. In M.E. Young (ed.), Early child development: investing in our children's future: proceedings of a World Bank Conference on Early Child Development: Investing in the Future, Atlanta, Georgia, April 8-9, 1996. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development. (2000). From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development. In J.P. Shonkoff & D.A. Phillips (eds.), Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Pollitt, E. (1993). Early supplementary feeding and cognition: effects over two decades. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Ribar, D.C. (1995). A Structural Model of Child-Care and the Labor Supply of Married-Women. Journal of Labor Economics, 13(3): 558-597.

Schweinhart, L.J. (1997). Early Childhood Programs: Elements of Quality. In M.E. Young (ed.), Early Childhood Development: Investing in our Children's Future: Proceedings of a World Bank Conference on Early Child Development: Investing in the Future, Atlanta, Georgia, April 8-9, 1996. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Sternberg, R.J. & Grigorenko, E.L. (1997). Interventions for Cognitive Development in Children 0-3 Years Old. In M.E. Young (ed.), Early Childhood Development: Investing in our Children's Future: Proceedings of a World Bank Conference on Early Child Development: Investing in the Future, Atlanta, Georgia, April 8-9, 1996 (pp. 127-156). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Sternberg, R.J., Grigorenko, E.L. & Nokes, C. (1997). Effects of Children's Ill Health on Cognitive Development. In M.E. Young (ed.), Early Childhood Development: Investing in our Children's Future: Proceedings of a World Bank Conference on Early Child Development: Investing in the Future, Atlanta, Georgia, April 8-9, 1996 (pp. 85-126). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Waldfogel, J. (1997). The effect of children on women’s wages. American Sociological Review, 62: 209-217.

Waldfogel, J. (1994). Women working for less: Family status and women’s pay in the U.S. and the U.K. Working paper no D-94-1, Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy, Harvard University.

Young, M.E. (1996). Early child development: Investing in the future. Washington DC: World Bank.

Back to Top

Item 3: Early childhood education and care

Andrews, S., Blumenthal, J., Johnson, D., Kahn, A., Ferguson, C., Lasater, T., Malone, P. & Wallace, D. (1982). The Skills of Mothering: A Study of Parent Child Development Centers. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46(6): 1-83,

Barnett, W.S. (1996). Lives in the Balance: Age 27 Benefit-Cost Analysis of the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press.

Barnett, W. (1995). Long-term effects of early childhood programs on cognitive and school outcomes. The Future of Children, 5(3): 25-50.

Bellamy C, (2000). The State of the World's Children 2001: Early Childhood: United Nations Children's Fund. New York: UNICEF.

Berrueta-Clement, J.R., Schweinhart, L.J., Barnett, W.S., Epstein, A.S. & Weikart, D.P. (1984). Changed Lives: The Effects of the Perry Preschool Program on Youths Through Age 19. Ypsilanti, Michigan: High/Scope Press.

Boocock, S.S. (1995). Early Childhood Programs in Other Nations: Goals and Outcomes. Future of Children, 5(3): 94-114.

Campbell, F. & Ramey, C. (1994). Effects of early intervention on intellectual and academic achievement: A follow-up study of children from low-income families. Child Development, 65(2): 684-98.

Chin-Quee, D.S. & Scarr, S. (1994). Lack of Early Child Care Effects on School-Age Children’s Social Competence and Academic Achievement. Early Development & Parenting, 3(2): 103-12.

Cicirelli, V. (1969). The Impact of Head Start; an evaluation of the effects of Head Start experience on children’s cognitive and affective development. Athens, Ohio: Westinghouse Learning Corporation.

Cohen, A.J. (1996). A Brief History of Federal Financing for Child Care in the United States. The Future of Children, 6(2): 26-40. Available at: http://www.futureofchildren.org/information2826/ information_show.htm?doc_id=73254. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Currie, J. & Thomas, .D. (1995). Does Head Start Make a Difference? America Economic Review, 85(3): 341-364.

Erickson R.J., Nichols, L. & Ritter C. (2000). Family influence on absenteeism: Testing and expanded process model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 57(2): 246-272.

Glass J.L. & Estes, S.B. (1996). Workplace support, child care, and turnover intentions among employed mothers of infants. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3): 317-335.

Grantham-McGregor, S., Powell, C., Walker, S., Chang S. & Fletcher, P. (1994). The Long-term Follow-up of Severely Malnourished Children Who Participated in an intervention Program. Child Development, 65: 428-39.

Heymann, S.J. (2003). School Children in Families with Young Children: Educational Opportunities at Risk (UNESCO Policy Briefs on Early Childhood, No.10). Available at: http://portal.unesco.org/ education/en/file_download.php/8effcdeb55ce81147570f94442b2ccbaBrief+10+English.pdf. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Johnson, D. & Walker, T. (1991). A Follow-Up Evaluation of the Houston Parent-Child Development Center: School Performance. Journal of Early Intervention, 15(3): 226-236.

Kagitcibasi, C. (1997) Parent Education and Child Development. In M.E. Young (ed.), Early Childhood Development: Investing in our Children's Future: Proceedings of a World Bank Conference on Early Child Development: Investing in the Future, Atlanta, Georgia, April 8-9, 1996. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Kamerman, S., & Kahn, A. (1991). Child care, parental leave, and the under 3s : policy innovation in Europe. New York: Auburn House.

Klein, R. (1979 ). Malnutrition and human Behavior: A Backward Glance at an Ongoing Longitudinal Study. In D. Levitsky (ed.), Malnutrition, Environment, and Behavior (pp. 217-237). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Martorell, R. (1997). Undernutrition During Pregnancy and Early Childhood: Consequences for Cognitive and Behavioral Development. In M.E. Young (ed.), Early Childhood Development: Investing in our Children's Future: Proceedings of a World Bank Conference on Early Child Development: Investing in the Future, Atlanta, Georgia, April 8-9, 1996. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

McKay, R., Condell, L. & Ganson, H. (1985). The Impact of Head Start on Children, Families, and Communities: Final Report of the Head Start Evaluation, Synthesis, and Utilization Project. Washington, DC: CSR Inc.

NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (1999). Child outcomes when child care center classes meet recommended standards for quality. American Journal of Public Health, 89: 1072-1077.

Oden, S., Schweinhart, L.J. & Weikart, D.P. (2000). Into Adulthood: A Study of the Effects of Head Start. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press.

Olmsted, P.P., Montie, J., Claxton, J. & Oden, S. (2001). Early childhood settings in 15 countries : what are their structural characteristics? Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press.

Phillips, M. (2000). Early Inequalities: The Development of Ethnic Differences in Academic Achievement during Childhood. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 19(3): 515-516.

Pianta, R.C. & Cox, M.J. (1999). The changing nature of the transition to school: Trends for the next decade. In R.C. Pianta and M.J. Cox (eds.), The transition to Kindergarten (pp. 363-379). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.

Pollitt E. (1993). Early supplementary feeding and cognition : effects over two decades. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Psacharopoulos, G & Tzannatos, Z. (1991). Female labor force participation and education. In: G. Psacharopoulos (ed.), Essays in Equity, Poverty, and Growth. New York: Pergamon Press.

Psacharopoulos, G. (1988). Education and Development: A Review. Research Observer, 3(1): 99-116.

Psacharopoulos, G. (1994). Returns to Investment in Education: A Global Update. World Development, 22(9): 1325-1343.

Reynolds, A.J., Mavrogenes, N.A., Bezruczko, N. & Hagemann, M. (1996). Cognitive and Family-Support Mediators of Preschool Effectiveness: A Confirmatory Analysis. Child Development, 67(3): 1119-1140.

Schweinhart L.J. (1997). Early Childhood Programs: Elements of Quality. In M.E. Young (ed.), Early Childhood Development: Investing in our Children's Future: Proceedings of a World Bank Conference on Early Child Development: Investing in the Future, Atlanta, Georgia, April 8-9, 1996. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Schweinhart, L.J. & Weikart, D. (1980). Young children grow up: The effects of the Perry Preschool Program on youths through age 15. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press.

Shulman, K. & Adams, G. (1998). A high cost of childcare puts quality care out of reach for many families. Washington, DC: Children’s Defense Fund.

Textor, M.R. (1998). International Perspectives on Quality Child Care. Early Childhood Education Journal, 25(3): 167-71.

Thompson, R. (2001). Development in the First years of Life. The Future of Children, 11(1): 21-33.

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2000). National Education Surveys Program (NHES), and Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, America’s Children, Key National Indicators of Well-Being. Available at: http://www.nichd.nih. gov/publications/pubs/americaschildren2000.PDF. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

van der Gaag, J. (1997). Early Child Development: An Economic Perspective. In M.E. Young (ed.), Early Childhood Development: Investing in our Children's Future: Proceedings of a World Bank Conference on Early Child Development: Investing in the Future, Atlanta, Georgia, April 8-9, 1996. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

World Organization for Early Childhood. (1996). Quality Early Education for Quality Childhood. Proceedings of the International Conference of the World Organization for Early Childhood Education. Hong Kong: World Organization for Early Childhood.

Young, M.E. (1996). Early Child Development: Investing in the Future. Directions in Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Back to Top

Item 4: Working adults’ availability to provide routine care for children

Aldous, J., Mulligan, G.M., & Bjarnason, T. (1998). Fathering over time: What makes a difference. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 60(4): 809-820.

Amato, P. & Rivera, F. (1999). Parental involvement and children's behavior problems. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 61(2): 375-384

Baker, A. (1996). Parents as School Partners: Final Report. New York: National Council of Jewish Women.

Bluestone, B. & Stephen, R. (2000). The Enigma of Working Time Trends. In L. Golden & D. M. Figart (eds.), Working Time: International trends, Theory, and Policy Perspectives (pp. 21-37). London: Routledge.

Bond, J. T., Galinsky, E., & Swanberg, J.E. (1998). The 1997 National Study of the Changing Workforce. New York: Families and Work Institute.

Bradley, R.H., Rock, S.H., Caldwell, B.M., Harris, P.T., & Hamrick, H.M. (1987). Home environment and school performance among Black elementary school children. Journal of Negro Education, 56(4): 499-509.

Casper, L.M. (1996). Who’s Minding Our Preschoolers? Current Population Reports. Washington, DC: Bureau of the Census.

Child Care Bureau. (1997). School-age care out of school time resource notebook. Washington, DC: The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Child Care Partnership Project. (2000). Innovative approaches: Partnerships for child care at nontraditional hours. Washington, DC: The Finance Project. Available at: http://nccic.org/ ccpartnerships/facts/fs4.htm. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Christenson, S., Rounds, T., & Gorney, D. (1992). Family factors and student achievement: An avenue to increase students' success. School Psychology Quarterly, 7(3): 178-206.

Clark, R. (1993). Homework-focused parenting practices that positively affect student achievement. In N.F. Chavkin (ed.), Families and Schools in a Pluralistic Society. Albany: SUNY University Press.

Clarkberg, M. & Moen, P. (2001). Understanding the time-squeeze: Married couples’ preferred and actual work-hour strategies. The American Behavioral Scientist, 44 (7): 1115-1136.

Coley, R. (1998). Children’s socialization experiences and functioning in single-mother households: The importance of fathers and other men. Child Development, 69(1): 219-230.

Comer, J. (1984). Home-school relationships as they affect the academic success of children. Education & Urban Society, 16(3): 323-337.

Eccles, J. S & Harold, R.D. (1993). Parent-school involvement during the early adolescent years. Teachers College Record, 94(3): 568-587.

Fantuzzo, J., Davis, G., & Ginsburg, M. (1995). Effects of parental involvement in isolation or in combination with peer tutoring on student self-concept and mathematics achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(2): 272-281.

Fehrmann, P., Keith, T., & Reimers, T. (1987). Home influences on school learning: Direct and indirect effects of parental involvement on high school grades. Journal of Educational Research, 80(6): 330-337.

Finn, J.D. (1998). Parental engagement that makes a difference. Educational Leadership, 55(8): 20-24.

Gonzales, R.M. & Blanco, N.C. (1991). Parents and children: Academic values and school achievement. International Journal of Educational Research, 15: 163-169.

Griffith, J. (1996). Relation of parental involvement, empowerment, and school traits to student academic performance. Journal of Educational Research, 90(1): 33-41.

Hara, S.R., & Burke, D.J. (1998). Parent involvement: The key to improved student achievement. School Community Journal, 8(2) 9-19.

Hattery, A.J. & Merrill, R.G. (1997). The impact of non-day and non-overlapping shift work on child development and marital quality: a preliminary analysis. American Sociological Association Paper, Ball State University: Department of Sociology.

Henderson, A.T. & Berla, N. (1994). A new generation of evidence: The family is critical to student achievement. St. Louis, MO: Danforth Foundation and Flint, MI: Mott Foundation.

Heymann, S.J. & Earle, A. (2001). The Impact of Parental Working Conditions on School-age Children: The Case of Evening Work. Community, Work, and Family, 4(3): 305-325.

Heymann, S.J. (2000). The Widening Gap: Why America’s Working Families Are In Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Basic Books.

Hickman, C.W., Greenwood, G. & Miller, M.D. (1995). High school parent involvement: Relationships with achievement, grade level, SES, and gender. Journal of Research & Development in Education, 28(3): 125-134.

Hofferth, S.L. (1992). At the margin: Managing work and family life at the poverty line (Conference Paper). San Francisco, CA: Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association.

Hofferth, S.L. (1991). Making time for children: Family decisions about employment and child care (Conference Paper). Washington DC: Population Association of America.

Hofferth, S.L. & Wissoker, D.A. (1992). Price, Quality, and Income in Child-Care Choice. Journal of Human Resources, 27(1): 70-111.

Iverson, B., Brownlee, G., & Walberg, H. (1981). Parent-teacher contacts and student learning. Journal of Educational Research, 74(6): 394-396.

Jacobs, J.A. & Gerson, K. (2001). Overworked Individuals or Overworked Families? Explaining Trends in Work, Leisure, and Family Time. Work and Occupations, 28 (1): 40-63.

Jacobs, J.A. & Gerson, K. (2000). Who are the Overworked Americans?. In L. Goldern & D.M. Figart (eds.), Working Time: International Trends, Theory and Policy Perspectives (pp. 89-105). London: Routledge.

Jacobs, J.A. & Gerson, K. (1998) Who are the overworked Americans? Review of Social Economy, 56: 442-459.

Johnson, A. & Meckstroth. A. (1998). Ancillary services to support welfare to work (Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.

Keith, T., Keith, P., Troutman, G., Bickley, P., Trivette, P., & Singh, K. (1993). Does parental involvement affect eighth-grade student achievement? Structural analysis of national data. School Psychology Review, 22(3): 474-496.

Kurdek, L.A., Fine, M.A., & Sinclair, R.J. (1995). School adjustment in sixth graders: Parenting transitions, family climate, and peer norm effects. Child Development, 66(2): 430-445.

Leete, L. & Schor, J. (1994). Assessing the Time Squeeze Hypothesis: Estimates of Market and Non-Market Hours in the United States, 1969-1989. Industrial Relations 33 (1): 25-43.

McNeal, R.B. (1999). Parental involvement as social capital: Differential Effectiveness on science achievement, truancy and dropping out. Social Forces, 78(1): 117-144.

Mellor, E.F. (1986). Shift work and flexitime: How prevalent are they? Monthly Labor Review, 109(11): 14-21.

Miller, D., & Kelley, M. (1991). Interventions for improving homework performance: A critical review. School Psychology Quarterly, 6: 174-185.

National Center for Education Statistics. (1997). Fathers’ Involvement in the Children's Schools (NCES 98-091) . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

Nord, C., Brimhall, D., & West, J. (1998). Dads’ involvement in their kids’ schools. Education Digest, March: 29-35.

Otto, L. & Atkinson, M.P. (1997). Parental involvement and adolescent development. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12(1): 68-89.

Presser, H.B. (2000). Nonstandard work schedules and marital instability. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(1): 93-110.

Presser, H.B. (1989). Can we make time for children?: The economy, work schedules and child care. Demography 26(4): 523-543.

Presser, H.B. (1988). Shift work and child care among dual-earner American parents. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 50(Feb.): 133-148.

Presser, H.B. & Cain, V. S. (1983). Shift work among dual-earner couples with children. Science, 219(4586): 876-879.

Presser, H.B., & Cox, A. (1997). The work schedules of low-educated American women and welfare reform. Monthly Labor Review, April: 25-34.

Reynolds, A. (1992). Comparing measures of parental involvement and their effects on academic achievement. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 7(3): 441-462.

Ryan, B., Adams, G., Gullotta, T., Weissberg, R., & Hampton, R. (1995). The Family-School Connection: Theory, Research and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Schor, J. B. (2002). Time Crunch Among American Parents. In Sylvia Ann Hewlett, Nancy Rankin and Cornell West, eds. Taking Parenting Public: The Case for a New Social Movement. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Seppanem, P., Love, A., Kaplan-DeVries, D., Bernstein, L., Seligson, M., Marx, F, & Kisker, E. (1993). National Study of Before- and After-School Programs: A Report to the Office of Policy and Planning, U.S. Department of Education. Portsmouth, NH: RMC Research Corporation.

Siegel, G., & Loman, L.A. (1991). Child Care and AFDC Recipients in Illinois: Patterns, Problems and Needs. St. Louis, MO: Institute of Applied Research.

Silvestri, G. (1993). Occupational employment: Wide variations in growth. Monthly Labor Review, 116:, 58-86.

Singh, K., Bickley, P.G., Trivette, P., Keith, T.Z., Keith, P.B. & Anderson, E. (1995). The effects of four components of parental involvement on eighth-grade student achievement: Structural analysis of NELS-88 data. School Psychology Review, 24(2): 299-317.

Smith, S. J. (1986). The growing diversity of work schedules. Monthly Labor Review, 109(11): 7-13.

Snow, C., Barnes, W., Chandler, J., Goodman, I. & Hemphill, L. (1991). Unfulfilled expectations: Home and school influences on literacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Staines, G.L., & Pleck, J.H. (1984). Nonstandard work schedules and family life. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(3): 515-523.

Stein M.R. & Thorkildsen, R.J. (1999). Parent Involvement in Education: Insights and Applications from the Research. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa International.

Stevenson, D. & Baker, D. (1987). The family-school relation and the child's school performance. Child Development, 58(5): 1348-1357.

Sui-Chu, E.H. & Willms, J.D. (1996). Effects of parental involvement on eighth-grade achievement. Sociology of Education 69(2): 126-141.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (1998, March 26). Workers on Flexible and Shift Schedules in 1997. USDL 98-119, BLS News. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

U.S. Department of Labor: Women's Bureau. (1995). Care Around the Clock: Developing Childcare Resources Before 9 and After 5. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor Women's Bureau.

U.S. Department of the Treasury. (1996). Investing in child care: Challenges facing working parents and the private sector response. Available at: http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/docs/chdcare.pdf. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Zellman, G.L. & Waterman, J.M. (1998). Understanding the impact of parent school involvement on children’s educational outcomes. Journal of Educational Research, 91(6): 370-380.

Back to Top

Item 5: Educational opportunities and supervision for school-age children throughout the day
Item 6: Educational opportunities and supervision for school-age children throughout the year

Aidman, B.J. (1997). How summer school can provide a jump start for students. Educational Leadership, 55(4): 64-68.

Baltimore Police Department Division of Planning and Research. (1998). Juvenile Victimizations Comparison for Goodnow PAL Area. Baltimore, MD: Baltimore Police Athletic League.

Blyth, D. & Leffert, N. (1995). Communities as contexts for adolescent development: An empirical analysis. Journal of Adolescent Research, 10(1): 64-87.

Carlisi, A. (1996). The 3:00 Project Program Evaluation. Decatur, GA: Georgia School Age Care Association.

Children’s Defense Fund. 1998. Child Care Challenges. Washington, DC: Children’s Defense Fund.

Cooper, H., Nye, B., Charlton, K., Lindsay, J. & Greathouse, S. (1996). The effects of summer vacation on achievement test scores: A narrative and meta-analytic review. Review of Educational Research, 66(3): 227-268.

Dwyer, K., Richardson, J., Danley, K., Hansen, W., Sussman, S., Brannon, B., Dent, C., Johnson, C. & Flay, B. (1990). Characteristics of eighth-grade students who initiate self-care in elementary and junior high school. Pediatrics, 86(3): 448-454.

Entwisle, D.R. (1995). The role of schools in sustaining early childhood program benefits. Future of Children, 5(3): 133-144.

Entwisle, D.R. & Alexander, K.L. (1992). Summer Setback - Race, Poverty, School Composition, and Mathematics Achievement in the 1st 2 Years of School. American Sociological Review, 57(1): 72-84.

Fleming-McCormick, T. & Tushnet, N. (1996). 4-H After School Activity Program. Los Angeles, CA: Southwest Regional Education Laboratory and WestEd.

Fox, J. & Newman, S. (1997). After-School Crime or After-School Programs: Tuning in the Prime Time for Violent Juvenile Crime and Implications for National Policy. Fight Crime: Invest in Kids, pp. 10-12.

Frazier, J.A. & Morrison, F.J. (1998). The influence of extended-year schooling on growth of achievement and perceived competence in early elementary school. Child Development, 69(2): 495-517.

Funkhouser, J. (1995). Extending the Learning Time for Disadvantaged Students. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

Gregory, P. (1996). Youth Opportunities Unlimited: Improving Outcomes for Youth Through After School Care. Manchester, NH: University of New Hampshire.

Hernandez, D. (1998). Children’s changing access to resources: A historical Perspective. In K. Hansen K & A. Garey (eds.), Families in the U.S.: Kinship and Domestic Politics (pp. 201-215). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Heymann S.J. (2000). The Widening Gap: Why American Working Families are in Jeopardy and What Can be Done About It. New York: Basic Books.

Hofferth, S. L. (1992). At the margin: Managing work and family life at the poverty line (Conference Paper). San Francisco, CA: Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association.

Long, T. & Long, L. (1984). Latchkey Children (Vol. 5). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

Miller, B. M., O'Connor, S., & Sirignano, S. W. (1985). Out-of-School-Time: A study of children in three low-income neighborhoods. Child Welfare, 74(6): 1249-1280.

Morris, D., Shaw, B. & Perney, J. (1990). Helping low readers in grades 2 and 4: An after-school volunteer tutoring program. Elementary School Journal, 91(2): 133-150.

National Center for Education Statistics. (1998). Table 39. Historical Summary of Public Elementary and Secondary School Statistics: 1869-70 to 1996-97. Available at: http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d98/d98t039.asp. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

National Federation of High School Associations. (1998). The Case for High School Activities. Kansas City, MO.

Richardson, J.L., Dwyer, K., McGuigan, K., Hansen, W.B., Dent, C., Johnson, C.A., Sussman, S.Y., Brannon, B. & Flay, B. (1989). Substance abuse among eight-grade students who take care of themselves after school. Pediatrics, 84 (3): 556-566.

Riley, D. (1994). Preventing Problem Behavior and Raising Academic Performance in the Nation's Youth: The Impacts of 64 School-Age Child Care Programs in 15 States Supported by the Cooperative Extension Service Youth-at-Risk Initiative. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.

Sickmund, M., Snyder, H. & Poe-Yamagata, E. (1997). Juvenile offenders and victims: 1997 update on violence. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Office of Juvenille Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Siegel, G., & Loman, L.A. (1991). Child Care and AFDC Recipients in Illinois: Patterns, Problems and Needs. St. Louis, MO: Institute of Applied Research.

Smith, K. (2000). Who’s Minding the Kids? Child Care Arrangements. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.

Snow, C. (1998). Preventing reading difficulties in young children. Washington, DC: National Research Council and National Academy of Sciences.

Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S., Dornbusch, S. & Darling, N. (1992). Impact of parenting practices on adolescent achievement: authoritative parenting, school involvement, and encouragement to succeed. Child Development, 63: 1266-1281.

Steppanen P, Love A, Kaplan-DeVries D, Benstein L, Seligson M, Marx F, Kisker E. (1993). National Study of Before- and After-School Programs: A Report to the Office of Policy and Planning, U.S. Department of Edcation. Portsmouth, NH: RMC Research Corporation.

U.S. Department of Education. (1998). Safe and Smart, Making After-School Hours Work for Kids. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

Woods, M. (1972). The unsupervised child of the working mother. Developmental Psychology, 6(1): 4-25.

Back to Top

Item 7: Paid leave and flexibility for children's educational needs

Austin J. (1979). Homework research in mathematics. School Science and Mathematics, 79: 115-121.

Benson, C., Medrich, E. & Buckley, S. (1980). The new view of school efficiency: Household time contributions to school achievement. In J. Guthrie (ed.), School Finance Policies and Practices: 1980's Decade of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishers.

Bradley, R., Rock, S., Caldwell, B., Harris, P. & Hamrick, H. (1987). Home environment and school performance among Black elementary school children. Journal of Negro Education, 56: 499-509.

Callahan, K., Rademacher, J. & Hildreth, B. (1998). The effect of parent participation in strategies to improve the homework performance of students who are at risk. Remedial and Special Education, 19(3): 131-141.

Christenson, S., Rounds, T. & Gorney, D. (1992). Family factors and student achievement: An avenue to increase students' success. School Psychology Quarterly, 7: 178-206.

Clark, R. (1990). Why disadvantaged students succeed: What happens outside schools' critical period. Public Welfare, Spring: 17-23.

Comer, J. (1984). Home-school relationships as they affect the academic success of children. Education and Urban Society, 16: 323-337.

Comer, J. & Haynes, N. (1991). Parent involvement in schools: An ecological approach. Elementary School Journal, 91(3): 271-277.

Cooper, H. & Nye, B. (1994). Homework for students with learning disabilities: the implications of research for policy and practice. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(8): 470-479

Davis, F. (1984). Understanding underachievers. American Education, 20(10): 12-14.

Earle, A. & Heymann, S.J. (In press). Work, family, and social class. In C. Ryff & R. Kessler (eds.), A Portrait of Midlife in the U.S. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Edwards, A. & Warin, J. (1999) Parental Involvement in Raising the Achievement of Primary School Pupils: Why Bother? Oxford Review of Education, 25(3): 325-41.

Epstein, J. (1987). Parent involvement: What research says to administrators. Education in Urban Society, 19: 119-136.

Fantuzzo, J., Davis, G. & Ginsburg, M. (1995). Effects of parental involvement in isolation or in combination with peer tutoring on student self-concept and mathematics achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(2): 272-281.

Fehrmann, P., Keith, T. & Reimers, T. (1987). Home influences on school learning: Direct and indirect effects of parental involvement on high school grades. Journal of Educational Research, 80(6): 330-7.

Fitton, L. & Gredler, G. (1996). Parental involvement in reading remediation with young children. Psychology in the Schools, 33(4): 325-332.

Gajria, M. & Salend, S. (1995). Homework practices of students with and without learning disabilities: a comparison. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28: 291-296.

Griffith, J. (1996). Relation of parental involvement, empowerment, and school traits to student academic performance. Journal of Educational Research, 90(1): 33-41.

Hewison, J. (1988). The long-term effectiveness of parental involvement in reading: A follow-up to the Haringey Reading Project. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 58: 184-190.

Heymann, S.J. (2000). The Widening Gap: Why America's Working Families Are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Basic Books.

Heymann S.J. (2000). What happens during and after school: Conditions faced by working parents living in poverty and their school-age children. Journal of Children and Poverty, 6(1): 5–20.

Heymann, S.J. & Boynton-Jarrett, R. (2002). Managing Work and Caregiving After Welfare Reform: The Importance of the Quality of Working Conditions and Social Supports. In L. Aber & F. Wulczyn (eds.), Report to the Department of Health and Human Services.

Heymann, S.J. & Earle, A. (2000). Low-income parents: How do working conditions affect their opportunity to help school-age children at risk? American Educational Research Journal, 37(4): 833-848.

Heymann, S.J. & Earle, A. (1999). The impact of welfare reform on parents’ ability to care for their children’s health. American Journal of Public Health, 89(4): 502-505.

Heymann, S.J. & Earle, A. (1998). The work family balance: What hurdles are parents leaving welfare likely to confront? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 17(2): 312-321.

Heymann, S.J., Earle, A. & Egleston B. (1996). Parental availability for the care of sick children. Pediatrics, 98(2- Part 1): 226-230.

Heymann, S.J., Toomey, S. & Furstenberg, F. (1999). Working parents: what factors are involved in their ability to take time off from work when their children are sick? Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153(8): 870-874.

Iverson, B., Brownlee, G. & Walberg, H. (1981). Parent-teacher contacts and student learning. Journal of Educational Research, 74: 394-6.

Keith, T., Keith, P., Troutman, G., Bickley, P., Trivette, P. & Singh, K. (1993). Does parental involvement affect eighth-grade student achievement? Structural analysis of national data. School Psychology Review, 22: 474-6.

Lamb, M.E. (1987). The emergent American father. In M.E. Lamb (ed.), The Father's Role: Cross-Cultural Perspectives (pp. 3-26). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Leach, D. & Siddall, S. (1990). Parental involvement in the teaching of reading: A comparison of hearing reading, paired reading, pause, prompt, praise, and direct instruction methods. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 60(3): 349-355.

Miller, D. & Kelley, M. (1991). Interventions for improving homework performance: A critical review. School Psychology Quarterly, 6: 174-85.

Milne, A. (1989). Family structure and the achievement of children. In W. Weston (ed.), Education and the American Family. New York: New York University Press.

National Center for Education Statistics. (1997). Fathers’ Involvement in the Children's Schools (NCES 98-091). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

Nord, C.W., Brimhall, D. & West, J. (1998). Dads’ involvement in their kids’ schools. Education Digest, March: 29-35.

Reynolds, A. (1992). Comparing measures of parental involvement and their effects on academic achievement. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 7(3): 441-62.

Reynolds, A. (1991). Early schooling of children at risk. American Educational Research Journal, 28(2): 392-422.

Reynolds, A. (1989). A structural model of first grade outcomes for an urban, low socioeconomic status, minority population. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(4): 594-603.

Reynolds, A., Mavrogenes, N., Vezruczko, N. & Hagemann, M. (1996). Cognitive and family-support mediators in preschool effectiveness: a confirmatory analysis. Child Development, 67: 1119-40.

Salend, S. & Gajria, M. (1995). Increasing the homework completion rates of students with mild disabilities. Remedial and Special Education, 16: 271-278.

Salend, S. & Schliff, J. (1989). An examination of the homework practices of teachers of students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22: 621-623.

Stevenson, D & Baker, D. (1987). The family-school relation and the child's school performance. Child Development, 58: 1348-1357.

Thurston, L. & Dasta, K. (1990). An analysis of in-home parent tutoring procedures: Effects on children's academic behavior at home and in school and on parents' tutoring behaviors. RASE Remedial and Special Education, 11: 41-52.

Tizard, J., Schofield, W. & Hewison, J. (1982). Collaboration between teachers and parents in assisting children’s reading. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 52: 1-15.

Vinograd-Bausell, C., Bausell, R., Proctor, W. & Chandler, B. (1986). Impact of unsupervised parent tutors on word recognition skills. Journal of Special Education, 20: 83-90.

Walker, H., Stieber, S., Ramsey, E. & O'Neill, R. (1991). Longitudinal prediction of the school achievement, adjustment, and delinquency of antisocial versus at-risk boys. Remedial and Special Education, 12(4): 43-51.

Wilkes, R. & Clarke, V. (1988). Training versus non-training of mothers as home reading tutors. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 67: 135-142.

Back to Top

Item 8: Paid leave and flexibility for children's health needs

Anderson, B.J., Miller, J.P., Auslander, W.F. & Santiago J.V. (1981). Family characteristics of diabetic adolescents: relationship to metabolic control. Diabetes Care, 4(6): 586-594.

Aron, L.Y., Loprest, P.J. & Steuerle, C.E. (1996). Serving children with disabilities: A systematic look at the programs. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.

Carlton-Ford, S., Miller, R., Brown, M., Nealeigh, N. & Jennings, P. (1995). Epilepsy and children’s social and psychological adjustment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(3): 285-301.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2001). Estimated vaccination coverage with individual vaccines and selected vaccination series among children 19–35 months of age by state. Atlanta, GA: CDC, National Immunization Program.

Cleary, J., Gray, O.P., Hall, D.J., Rowlandson, P.H., Sainsbury, C.P. & Davies, M.M. (1986). Parental involvement in the lives of children in hospital. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 61: 779-87.

Davies, H., Joshi, H. & Peronaci, R. (1999). Forgone Income and Motherhood: What Do Recent British Data Tell Us? Population Studies, 54(3): 293-305

Diehl, I. (1949). The prevalence of colds in nursery school children and non-nursery school children. J Pediatr,. 34: 52-61.

Doyle, A.B. (1976). Incidence of illness in early group and family day care. Pediatrics, 58: 607.

Earle, A. & Heymann, S.J. (In press). Work, family, and social class. In C. Ryff & R. Kessler (eds.), A Portrait of Midlife in the U.S. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Earle, A. & Heymann, S.J. (2002). What causes job loss among former welfare recipients? The role of family health problems. JAMWA, 57(1): 5-10.

Erickson, R., Nichols, L. & Ritter, C. (2000). Family Influences on Absenteeism: Testing an Expanded Process Model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 57(2): 246-272.

Fielding, J.E., Cumberland, W.G. & Pettitt, L. (1994). Immunization status of children of employees in a large corporation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271(7): 525–30.

Gauderer, M.W., Lorig, J.L. & Eastwood, D.W. (1989). Is there a place for parents in the operating room? Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 24: 705-6.

George, A. & Hancock, J. (1993). Reducing pediatric burn pain with parent participation. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 14: 104-107.

Gignac, M.A.M., Kelloway, E.K. & Gottlieb, B.H. (1996). The Impact of Caregiving on Employment: A Mediational Model of Work-Family Conflict. Canadian Journal on Aging, 15(4): 525-542.

Hamlett, K.W., Pellegrini, D.S. & Katz, K.S. (1992). Childhood chronic illness as a family stressor. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17(1): 33-47.

Hannallah, R.S. & Rosales, J.K. (1983). Experience with parents’ presence during anaesthesia induction in children. Canadian Anaesthesia Society Journal, 30: 286.

Hanson, C.L., DeGuire, M.J., Schinkel, A.M., Henggeler, S.W. & Burghen, G.A. (1992). Comparing social learning and family systems correlates of adaptation in youths with IDDM. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17(5): 555-72.

Haskins, R. & Kotch, J. (1986). Day care and illness; Evidence, costs, and public policy. Pediatrics, 77(Supplement 6): 951-982.

Hauser, S.T., Jacobson, A.M., Lavori, P., Wolfsdorf, J.I., Herskowitz, R.D., Milley, J.E., Bliss, R., Wertlieb, D. & Stein, J. (1990). Adherence among children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus over a four-year longitudinal follow-up: II. Immediate and long-term linkages with the family milieu. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 15(4): 527-42.

Hernandez, D. (1998). Children's Changing Access to Resources: A Historical Perspective. In K. Hansen & A. Garey (eds.), Families in the U.S.: Kinship and Domestic Politics (pp. 201-215). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Heymann, S.J. (2000). The Widening Gap: Why America’s Working Families Are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Basic Books.

Heymann, S.J. & Earle, A. (1999). The impact of welfare reform on parents’ ability to care for their children’s health. American Journal of Public Health, 89(4): 502-505.

Heymann, S.J. & Earle, A. (1998). The work family balance: What hurdles are parents leaving welfare likely to confront? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 17(2): 312-321.

Heymann, S.J., Earle, A. & Egleston B. (1996). Parental availability for the care of sick children. Pediatrics, 98(2- Part 1): 226-230.

Holden, E.W., Chimielewski, D., Nelson, C.C., Kager, V.A. & Foltz, L. (1997). Controlling for general and disease-specific effects in child and family adjustment to chronic childhood illness. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22(1): 15-27.

Johnson, K. (1994). Children with special health needs: ensuring appropriate coverage and care under health care reform. Health Policy and Child Health, 1(3): 1-5.

Joshi, H., Paci, P. & Waldfogel, J. (1999). The wages of motherhood: Better or worse. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23(5): 543-564.

Kristensson-Hallstron, I., Elander, G. & Malmfors, G. (1997). Increased parental participation on a pediatric surgical daycare unit. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 6: 297-302.

LaGreca, A.M., Auslander, W.F., Greco, P., Spetter, D., Fisher, E.B. & Santiago, J.V. (1995). I get by with a little help from my family and friends: adolescents’ support for Diabetes care. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20(4): 449-476.

Lannon, C., Brack, V., Stuart, J., Caplow, M., McNeill, A., Bordley ,W.C. & Margolis P. (1995). What mothers say about why poor children fall behind on immunizations—a summary of focus groups in North Carolina. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 149(10): 1070–75.

LaRosa-Nash, P.A. & Murphy, J.M. (1997). An approach to pediatric perioperative care: parent-present induction. Nursing Clinics of North America, 32: 183-199.

Loda, F.A., Glezen, W.P & Clyde, W.A. Jr. (1972). Respiratory disease in group day care. Pediatrics, 49: 428-437.

Mahaffy, P. (1965). The effects of hospitalization on children admitted for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Nursing Review, 14: 12-19.

Matthews, A.M. & Campbell, L.D. (1995). Gender roles, employment, and informal care. In S. Arber and J. Ginn (eds.), Connecting gender and ageing: A sociological approach. Buckingham, England: Open U Press.

McCormick, L.K., Bartholomew, L.K., Lewis, M.J., Brown, M.W. & Hanson, I.C. (1997). Parental perceptions of barriers to childhood immunization: results of focus groups conducted in an urban population. Health Education Research, 12 (3): 355–62.

McGraw, T. (1994). Preparing children for the operating room: psychological issues. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 41: 1094-103.

Mottonen, M. & Uhari, M. (1992). Absences for sickness among children in day care. Acta Paediatr, 81: 929.

Murphy, B., Schofield, H., Nankervis, J., Bloch, S., Herrman, H. & Singh, B. (1997). Women with multiple roles: The emotional impact of caring for ageing parents. Ageing and Society, 17(3): 277-291.

National Alliance for Caregiving and the American Association of Retired Persons. (1997). Family Caregiving in the U.S.: Findings from a National Survey. Available at: http://www.caregiving. org/finalreport.pdf. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Newacheck, P.W., Strickland, B., Shonkoff, J.P., Perrin, J.M., McPherson, M., McManus, M., Lauver, C., Fox, H. & Arango, P. (1998). An epidemiologic profile of children with special health care needs. Pediatrics, 102(1): 117-123.

Palmer, S.J. (1993). Care of sick children by parents: a meaningful role. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18: 185.

Sainsbury, C.P.Q., Gray, O.P., Cleary, J., Davies, M.M. & Rowlandson, P.H. (1986). Care by parents of their children in hospital. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 61: 612-615.

Strangert, K. (1976). Respiratory illness in preschool children with different forms of day care. Pediatrics, 57: 191.

Sullivan, P., Woodward, W.E., Pickering, L.K. & Dupont, H.L. (1984). Longitudinal study of occurrence of diarrheal disease in day care centers. American Journal of Public Health, 80: 436.

Taylor, M.R.H. & O’Connor, P. (1989). Resident parents and shorter hospital stay. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 64: 274-276.

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2001). The state of the world's children. New York: UNICEF.

Van der Schyff, G. (1979). The role of parents during their child’s hospitalization. Aust Nurs J., 8: 57-61.

Waugh, T.A. & Kjos, D.L. (1992). Parental involvement and the effectiveness of an adolescent day treatment program. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21: 487-497.

Wolman, C., Resnick, M.D., Harris, L.J. & Blum, R.W. (1994). Emotional well-being among adolescents with and without chronic conditions. Adolescent Medicine, 15(3): 199-204.

Woods, M.B. (1972). The unsupervised child of the working mother. Developmental Psychology, 6: 4-25.

World Health Organization (WHO). (2000). WHO vaccine preventable diseases: Monitoring system. Geneva: Department of Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO.

Back to Top

Item 9: Access of children with special needs and disabilities to equal educational opportunities
Item 10: Health supports for children with special needs and disabilities

Adler, M. (1995). Disability Among Children. Washington, DC: ASPE Research Notes, Office of Disability, Aging, and Long-Term Care Policy, Department of Health and Human Services. Available at: http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/rn10.htm. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Anderson, B., Miller, J., Auslander, W. & Santiago, J. (1981). Family characteristics of diabetic adolescents: Relationship to metabolic control. Diabetes Care, 4: 586-594.

Aron, L.Y., Loprest, P.J., & Steuerle, C.E. (1996). Serving children with disabilities: A systematic look at the programs. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.

Boyle, C.A., Decoufle, P. & Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (1994). Prevalence and health impact of developmental disabilities in U.S. children. Pediatrics, 93(3): 399-403.

Bradley, R., Whiteside, L., Mundfrom, D., Casey, P., Kelleher, K. & Pope, S. (1994). Early indications of resilience and their relation to experiences in the home environments of low birthweight, premature children living in poverty. Child Development, 65(2): 346-360.

Carlton-Ford, S., Miller, R., Brown, M., Nealeigh, N. & Jennings, P. (1995). Epilepsy and children's social and psychological adjustment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36: 285-301.

Clark, M.D. (1997). Teacher Response to Learning Disability: A test of attributional principles. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30(1): 69-79.

Committee on Children with Disabilities. (2000). Provision of Education-Related Services for Children and Adolescents With Chronic Diseases and Disabling Conditions. Pediatrics, 105(2): 448-451.

Curran, A.L., Sharples, P.M., White, C. & Knapp, M. (2001). Time costs of caring for children with severe disabilities compared with caring for children without disabilities. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43(8): 529-533.

Ficke, R.C. (1999). Digest of Data on Persons with Disabilities. Washington DC: National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research.

Geisthardt, C. & Munsch, J. (1996). Coping with school stress: A comparison of adolescents with and without learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 29(3): 287-196.

Giangreco, M. (1997) Helping or Hovering? Effects of instructional assistant proximity on students with disabilities. Exceptional Children, 64(1): 7-12.

Gortmaker, S. & Sappenfield, W. (1984). Chronic childhood disorders: Prevalence and impact. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 31(1): 3-18.

Hamlett, K., Pellegrini, D. & Katz, K. (1992). Childhood chronic illness as a family stressor. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17: 33-47.

Hanson, C., DeGuire, M., Schinkel, A. & Kolterman, O. (1995). Empirical validation for a family-centered model of care. Diabetes Care, Oct 18 (1): 1347-56.

Hanson, C., DeGuire, M., Schinkel, A., Henggeler, S. & Burghen, G. (1992). Comparing social learning and family systems correlates of adaptation in youths with IDDM. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17: 555-572.

Heymann, S.J. (2000). The Widening Gap: Why America’s Working Families Are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Basic Books.

Heymann, S.J. & Earle, A. (1999). The impact of welfare reform on parents’ ability to care for their children’s health. American Journal of Public Health, 89(4): 502-505.

Heymann, S.J. & Earle, A. (1998). The work family balance: What hurdles are parents leaving welfare likely to confront? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 17(2): 312-321.

Heymann, S.J., Earle, A. & Egleston B. (1996). Parental availability for the care of sick children. Pediatrics, 98(2- Part 1): 226-230.

Holden, E., Chimielewski, D., Nelson, C., Kager, V. & Foltz, L. (1997). Controlling for general and disease-specific effects in child and family adjustment to chronic childhood illness. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22: 15-27.

Johnson, K. (1994). Children with special health needs: ensuring appropriate coverage and care under health care reform. Health Policy and Child Health, 1(3): 1-5.

Johnson, S. (1994). Family management of childhood diabetes. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 1: 309-315.

Jost K. (1993). Learning disabilities. CQ Researcher, 3(46): 1081-1104.

Karpinski, M.J., Neubert, D.A. & Graham, S. (1992). A follow-along study of postsecondary outcomes for graduates and dropouts with mild disabilities in a rural setting. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25(6): 376-385.

Kuhlthau, K.A. & Perrin, J.M. (2001). Child health status and parental employment. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 155(12): 1346-1350.

La Greca, A., Auslander, W., Greco, P., Spetter, D., Fisher, E. J. & Santiago, J. (1995). I get by with a little help from my family and friends: Adolescents' support for diabetes care. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20(4): 449-76.

Lewit, E.M. & Baker, L.S. (1996). Children in Special Education. The Future of Children, 6(1): 139-151.

Lyon, G.R. (1996). Learning disabilities. The Future of Children, 6(1): 54-76.

McNeil, J. (2001). Americans with Disabilities: Household Economic Studies. Current Population Reports Series. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau. Available at: http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/p70-73.pdf. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

McGauhey, P., Starfield, B., Alexander, C. & Ensminger, M. (1991). Social environment and Vulnerability of low birth weight children: A social-epidemiological perspective. Pediatrics, 88(5): 943-953.

Montgomery, L., Kiely, J. & Pappas, G. (1996). The effects of poverty, race, and family structure on U.S. children’s health: Data from NHIS, 1978 through 1980 and 1989 through 1991. American Journal of Public Health, 86(10): 1401-1405.

Newacheck, P. (2000). Access to Health Care for Children With Special Health Care Needs. Pediatrics, 105(4): 760-66.

Patrikakou, E.N. (1995). Investigating the academic achievements of adolescents with learning disabilities: A structural modeling approach. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 12 (1): 19-31.

Rawson, H.E. & Cassady, J.C. (1995). Effects of therapeutic intervention on self-concepts of children with learning disabilities. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 12(1): 19-31.

Reschly, D.J. (1996). Identification and assessment of students with disabilities. Future of Children, 6(1): 40-53.

Rothman, H.R. & Cosden, M. (1995). The relationship between self-perception of a learning disability and achievement, self-concept, and social support. Learning Disability Quarterly, 18(3): 203-212.

Ryan, A.G. (1994). Life adjustment of college freshmen with and without learning disabilities. Annals of Dyslexia, 44: 227-249.

Shearn, J. & Todd, S. (2000). Maternal employment and family responsibilities: the perspectives of mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 13(3): 109-131.

Sitlington, P.L., Frank, A.R. & Carson, R. (1993). Adult adjustment among high school graduates with mild disabilities. Exceptional Children, 59(3): 221-233.

Starfield, B. (1992). Effects of poverty on health status. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 68(1): 17-24

Swanson, H.L. & Malone, S. (1992). Social skills and learning disabilities: A meta-analysis of the literature. School Psychology Review, 21(3): 427-443.

Terman, D.L., Larner, M.B., Stevenson, C.S. & Behrman, R.E. (1996). Special education for students with disabilities: Analysis and recommendations. The Future of Children, 6(1): 4-24.

Turnball, A.P. & Ruef, M. (1996). Family Life Cycle: Family perspectives on problem behavior. Mental Retardation, 34: 280-293.

Wagner, M.M. & Blackorby, J. (1996). Transitions from high school to work or college: How special educational students fare. The Future of Children, 6(1): 103-120.

Warfield, M.E. (2001). Employment, parenting, and well-being among mothers of children with disabilities. Mental Retardation, 39(4): 297-309.

Wolman, C., Resnick, M., Harris, L. & Blum, R. (1994). Emotional well-being among adolescents with and without chronic conditions. Adolescent Medicine, 15: 199-204.

Back to Top

Item 11: Access of adults with disabilities to equal employment opportunities
Item 12: Access of adults with disabilities to participate fully in family and community activities
Item 13: Health supports for disabled adults

Brodsky, M. (1990). Employment programs for disabled youth: an international view. Monthly Labor Review, 113 (December): 50-53.

Canter, D., Waldfogel, J., Kerwin, J., Wright, M.M., Levin, K., Rauch, J., Hagerty, T. & Kudela, M.S. (2001). Balancing the Needs of Families and Employers: The Family and Medical Leave Surveys 2000 Update. Rockville, MD: Westat. Available online at http://www.dol.gov/asp/fmla/main2000.htm. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Cook, J. & Burke, J. (2002). Public Policy and Employment of People with Disabilities: Exploring New Paradigms. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 20: 541-557.

Delayer, T. (2000). The Wage and Employment Effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act. The Journal of Human Resources, 35(4): 693-715.

Einam, M & Cuskelly, M. (2002). Paid employment of mothers and fathers of an adult child with multiple disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46: 158-167.

Elwan, A. (1999). Poverty and Disability: A Survey of the Literature. Social Protection (Discussion Paper Series No. 9932). Washington, DC: World Bank.

Fredriksen, K.I. & Scharlach, A.E. (1999). Employee family care responsibilities. Family Relations, 48(2): 189-196.

Greenberg, J.S., Seltzer, M.M., Orsmond, G.I. & Krauss, M.W. (1999). Siblings of adults with mental illness or mental retardation: Current involvement and expectation of future caregiving. Psychiatric Services, 50(9): 1214-1219.
Groves, T. (1995). Long term carers have low incomes, says study. British Medical Journal, 310(6972): 81.

Heymann, S.J. (2000). The Widening Gap: Why America’s Working Families Are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Basic Books.

International Labour Organisation. (2003). Time for Equality at Work. International Labour Conference, 91st Session. Geneva: International Labour Office.

Jenkins, C.L. (1997). Women, work, and caregiving: How do these roles affect women’s well-being? Journal of Women & Aging, 9(3): 27-45.

McNeil, J. (2001). Americans with Disabilities: Household Economic Studies. Current Population Reports Series. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Available at: http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/p70-73.pdf. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Metts, R. (2000). Disability issues, trends and recommendations for the World Bank. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/HDNet/hddocs.nsf/ 0/33ed2bea9901edd6852568a20069e1c1/$FILE/Metts.pdf. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Murphy, B., Schofield, H., Nankervis, J., Bloch, S., Herrman, H. & Singh, B. (1997). Women with Multiple Roles: The Emotional Impact of Caring for Ageing Parents. Ageing & Society, 17(3): 277-291.

National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research. (1998). Chartbook on Work and Disability in the United States. Available at: http://www.infouse.com/disabilitydata/workdisability_3_2.html. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Pavalko, E.K. & Artis, J.E. (1997). Women’s caregiving and paid work: Causal relationships in late midlife. Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52(4): S170-S179.

Shearn J. & Todd, S. (1997). Parental work: an account of the day-to-day activities of parents of adults with learning disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41: 285-301.

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division. (2003). Disability Statistics. Available at: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/disability/default.asp. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

United Nations, Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office. (1990). Disability Statistics Compendium. Statistics on Special Population Groups Series Y, No. 4.

World Health Organization (WHO). (1980). International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps: a manual of classification relating to the consequences of disease, published in accordance with resolution WHA29.35 of the Twenty-ninth World Health Assembly, May 1976. Geneva: WHO.

Yeo, R. & Moore, K. (2003). Including Disabled People in Poverty Reduction Work: Nothing About Us, Without Us. World Development, 31(3): 571-588.

Back to Top

Item 14: Access of older adults to equal employment opportunities
Item 15: Access of older adults to participate fully in family and community activities
Item 16: Health supports for older adults

Achdut, L. & Tamir, Y. (1990). Retirement and well-being among the elderly in poverty. Inequality in income distribution in comparative perspective. In T. Smeeding, M. O'Higgins & L. Rainwater (eds.), Poverty, inequality, and income distribution in comparative perspective: the Luxembourg income study. New York: Harverster Wheatshaft.

American Association of Retired Persons (AARP). (2002). Medicaid: Paying for Nursing Home Care. Washingtno, DC: AARP.

Arno, P.S., Levine, C. & Memmott, M.M. (1999). The economic value of informal caregiving. Health Affairs, 18(2): 182-8.

Baruch, G.K., Biener, L. & Barnett, R. C. (1987). Women and gender in research on work and family stress. American Psychologist, 42(2): 130-141.

Bennett, S.J. (1993). Relationships Among Selected Antecedent Variables and Coping Effectiveness in Postmyocardial Infarction Patients. Research in Nursing & Health, 16(2): 131-139.

Berkman, L.F. (1995). Role of Social-Relations in Health Promotion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(3): 245-254.

Bryson, K. & Casper, L.M. (1999). Coresident Grandparents and Grandchildren. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau. Available online at: http://www.census.gov/prod/99pubs/p23-198.pdf. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Burkhauser, R. & Dallas, L. (eds.). (1993). Pensions in the Changing Economy. Washington, DC: Employee Benefit Research Institute.

Cohen, M.A., Weinrobe, M. & Miller J. (2000). Informal Caregivers of Disabled Elders with Long-Term Care Insurance. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disability, Aging and Long-Term Care Policy.

Covinsky, K. E., Eng, C., Lui., L., Sands, L. P., Sehgal, A. R., Walter, L. C., Wieland, D., Eleazer, G. P. & Yaffe, K. (2001). Reduced employment in caregivers of frail elders: Impact of ethnicity, patient clinical characteristics, and caregiver characteristics. Journals of Gerontology Series a-Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(11): M707-M713.

Doress-Worters, P.B. (1994). Adding Elder Care to Women's Multiple Roles: A Critical Review of the Caregiver Stress and Multiple Roles Literatures. Sex Roles, 31(9-10): 597-616.

Fuller-Thomson, E. & Minkler, M. (2001). American Grandparents Providing Extensive Child Care to Their Grandchildren: Prevalence and Profile. Gerontologist, 41(2): 201-209.

Gorkin, L., Schron, E.B., Brooks, M.M., Wiklund, I., Kellen, J., Verter, J., Schoenberger, J.A., Pawitan, Y., Morris, M. & Shumaker, S. (1993). Psychosocial Predictors of Mortality in the Cardiac-Arrhythmia Suppression Trial-1 (Cast-1). American Journal of Cardiology, 71(4): 263-267.

Haug, M.R., Ford, A.B., Stange, K.C., Noelker, L.S. & Gaines, A.D. (1999). Effects of giving care on caregivers’ health. Research on Aging, 21(4): 515-538.

Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA). (2000). Report to Congress: Interim Report on Nursing Home Quality of Care and Implementation of The Nursing Home Initiative: Fall 2000. Available at: http://www.cms.hhs.gov/medicaid/reports/rtcfall0.asp? [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

HelpAge International. (2002). Tackling Older People’s Poverty: Annual Review 2001-2002. Available at: http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:rYW4nRbV3HsJ:www.helpage.org/images/pdfs/Annual%2520Reviews/2002reviewEnglish.pdf+Tackling+Older+People%E2%80%99s+Poverty:+Annual+Review+2001-2002&hl=en. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

HelpAge International. (2002). State of the World’s Older People 2002. Available at: http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:0YxpJcgWRWgJ:www.helpage.org/images/pdfs/SOTWOPeng.pdf+%22State+of+the+World%E2%80%99s+Older+People+2002%22&hl=en. [Accessed 2004, June 4].

Hetzel, L. & Smith, A. (2001). 2000 Census Brief: The 65 and Over Population. Available at: http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-10.pdf. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Heymann, S.J. (2000). The Widening Gap: Why America’s Working Families Are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Basic Books.

Houde, S.C. (1998). Predictors of elders’ and family caregivers’ use of formal home services. Research in Nursing & Health, 21(6): 533-543.

Hoyert, D.L. & Seltzer, M.M. (1992). Factors related to the well-being and life activities of family caregivers. Family Relations, 41(1): 74-81.

International Labour Organization. (8-12 April, 2002). Facing the ageing gap: New-age solutions to old age problems. Madrid: ILO, Second World Assembly on Ageing. Available online at: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inf/pkits/2002/ageing.htm. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Jamuna, D. (1997). Stress dimensions among caregivers of the elderly. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 106: 381-8.

Kassner, E. & Williams, L. (1997). Taking Care of Their Own: State-Funded Home and Community-Based Care Programs for Older Persons. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute.

Kossek, E.E., Colquitt, J.A. & Noe, R.A. (2001). Caregiving decisions, well-being, and performance: The effects of place and provider as a function of dependent type and work- family climates. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1): 29-44.

McNeil, J. (2001). Americans with Disabilities. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.

Medjuck, S., Keefe, M.J. & Fancey, P.J. (1998). Available but Not Accessible: An Examination of the Use of Workplace Policies for Caregivers of Elderly Kin. Journal of Family Issues, 19(3): 274-299.

The Mature Market Institute. (2002, April). MetLife Market Survey of Nursing Home and Home Care Costs. Westport, CT: MetLife Mature Market Institute.

Murphy, B., Schofield, H., Nankervis, J., Bloch, S., Herrman, H. & Singh, B. (1997). Women with Multiple Roles: The Emotional Impact of Caring for Ageing Parents. Ageing & Society, 17(3): 277-291.

National Alliance for Caregiving (NAC) and American Association of Retired Persons (AARP). (1997). Family Caregiving in the U.S.: Findings from a National Survey. Washington DC: NAC and AARP.

National Association for Home Care. (2001, November). Basic Statistics About Home Care 2001. Available at: http://www.nahc.org/Consumer/hcstats.html. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

O'Keefe, J. (1996). Determining the Need for Long-Term Care Services: An Analysis of Health and Functional Eligibility Criteria in Medicaid Home and Community-Based Waiver Programs. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute.

Restrepo, H.E. & Rozental, M. (1994). The social impact of aging populations: some major issues. Social Science & Medicine, 39(9): 1323-38.

Seeman, T.E. (2000). Health promoting effects of friends and family on health outcomes in older adults. American Journal of Health Promotion, 14(6): 362-370.

Starrels, M.E., Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Dowler, D.W. & Neal, M.B. (1997). The stress of caring for a parent: Effects of the elder’s impairment on an employed, adult child. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59(4): 860-872.

Treas, J. & Torrecilha, R. (1995). The Older Population. In R. Farley (ed.), State of the Union, America in the 1990s, Volume Two (pp. 47-92). New York: Russel Sage Foundation.

United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (1995). The Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of Older Persons. General Comment 6, Thirteenth Session. Available at: http://www.globalaging.org/resources/infopackets/hr-afe2.htm. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

United Nations. (1999). United Nations Principles for Older Persons. New York: UN Division for Social Policy and Development. Available at: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/iyop/iyoppop.htm. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

United States Department of Health and Social Services: Administration on Aging. (1999). Age Discrimination: A Pervasive and Damaging Influence. Available at: http://library.lp. findlaw.com/articles/file/00016/000670/title/Subject/topic/Civil%20Rights%20Law_Age%20Discrimination/filename/civilrightslaw_1_44. [Accessed 2004, June 4].

US Bureau of the Census. (2002). Sixty-Five Plus in the U.S. (2002). Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Available online at: http://www.census.gov/ftp/pub/socdemo/www/agebrief.html. [Accessed 2002, April 25.]

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2003). Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity: Senior Housing. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Available online at: http://www.hud.gov/offices/fheo/seniors/index.cfm [Accessed 2003, April 30.]

Woloshin, S., Schwartz, L.M., Tosteson A., Chang C.H., Wright, B., Plohman, J. & Fisher, E. (1997). Perceived adequacy of tangible social support and health outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 12(10): 613-618.

Back to Top

Item 17: Policies to meet basic needs of those unable to work

Ahearn, Frederick L. Jr. (ed.). (2001). Issues in Global Aging. New York: Haworth.
Atchley, R.C. (1982). Retirement as a Social Institution. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 263-287. Retrieved May 25, 2004 from JSTOR database. Available at: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0360-0572%281982%298%3C263%3ARAASI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]
Atkinson, A.B. & Rein, M. (eds.). (1993). Age, Work and Social Security. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Costa, D. (1998). The Evolution of Retirement: An American Economic History, 1880-1990. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Dixon, J. (1999). Social Security in Global Perspetive. Westport: Praeger.

Fields, G.S. & Mitchell, O.S. (1984). Retirement, Pensions and Social Security. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Smith, J.P. (1997). Policy Brief: The Changing Economic Circumstances of the Elderly: Income, Wealth, and Social Security. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Center for Policy Research.

Back to Top

Item 18: Working adults’ availability to provide routine care for older and disabled family members

Bond, J. T., Galinsky, E., & Swanberg, J.E. (1998). The 1997 National Study of the Changing Workforce. New York: Families and Work Institute.

Bonita R. & Howe, A.L. (1996). Older women in an aging world: achieving health across the life course. World Health Statistics Quarterly - Rapport Trimestriel de Statistiques Sanitaires Mondiales, 49(2): 134-41.

Clarkberg, M. & Moen, P. (2001). Understanding the time-squeeze: Married couples’ preferred and actual work-hour strategies. The American Behavioral Scientist, 44 (7): 1115-1136.

Doress-Worters, P.B. (1994). Adding elder care to women’s multiple roles: A critical review of the caregiver stress and multiple roles literatures. Sex Roles, 31(9-10): 597-616.

Heymann, S,J. (2000). The Widening Gap: Why America’s Working Families Are In Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Basic Books.

Jacobs, J.A. & Gerson, K. (2001). Overworked Individuals or Overworked Families? Explaining Trends in Work, Leisure, and Family Time. Work and Occupations, 28 (1): 40-63.

Jacobs, J.A. & Gerson, K. (1998) Who are the overworked Americans? Review of Social Economy, 56: 442-459.

Leete, L. & Schor, J. (1994). Assessing the Time Squeeze Hypothesis: Estimates of Market and Non-Market Hours in the United States, 1969-1989. Industrial Relations 33 (1): 25-43.

Medjuck, S., Keefe, J.M. & Fancey, P.J. (1998). Available but Not Accessible: An Examination of the Use of Workplace Policies for Caregivers of Elderly Kin. Journal of Family Issues, 19(3): 274-299.

Mellor, E.F. (1986). Shift work and flexitime: How prevalent are they? Monthly Labor Review, 109(11): 14-21.

World Health Organization (WHO). (2002). Information Needs for Research, Policy, and Action on Ageing and Older Persons: Definition of an older or elderly. Geneva: Aging and Life Course Programme, Department of NCD Prevention & Health Promotion, World Health Organization.

Restrepo, H.E. & Rozental, M. (1994). The social impact of aging populations: some major issues. Social Science & Medicine, 39(9): 1323-38.

Silvestri, G. (1993). Occupational employment: Wide variations in growth. Monthly Labor Review, 116:, 58-86.

Smith, S. J. (1986). The growing diversity of work schedules. Monthly Labor Review, 109(11): 7-13.

Treas, J.T.R. (1995). The Older Population. In R. Farley R (ed.), State of the Union, America in the 1990s. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (1998, March 26). Workers on Flexible and Shift Schedules in 1997. USDL 98-119, BLS News. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Back to Top

Item 19: Paid leave and flexibility for adult family members’ health and other essential needs

Arber, S., & Ginn, J. (1992). Class and caring: A forgotten dimension. Sociology, 26(4): 619-634.

Arno, P.S., Levine, C. & Memmott, M.M. (1999). The economic value of informal caregiving. Health Affairs, 18(2): 182-8.

Bennett, S.J. (1993). Relationships Among Selected Antecedent Variables and Coping Effectiveness in Postmyocardial Infarction Patients. Research in Nursing & Health, 16(2): 131-139.

Berkman LF. Role of Social-Relations in Health Promotion. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1995;57(3):245-254.

Heymann, S.J. (2000). The Widening Gap: Why America’s Working Families Are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Basic Books.

Marks, N.F. (1996). Caregiving across the lifespan: National prevalence in predictors. Family Relations, 45: 27-36.

Matthews, A.M., & Campbell, L.D. (1995). Gender roles, employment, and informal care. In S. Arber and J. Ginn (eds.), Connecting gender and ageing: A sociological approach. Buckingham, England: Open U Press.

Murphy, B., Schofield, H., Nankervis, J., Bloch, S., Herrman, H. & Singh, B. (1997). Women with multiple roles: The emotional impact of caring for ageing parents. Ageing and Society, 17(3): 277-291.

Seeman, T.E. (2000). Health promoting effects of friends and family on health outcomes in older adults. American Journal of Health Promotion, 14(6): 362-370.

Stone, R., Cafferata, G., Sangl, J. (1982). Caregivers of the frail elderly: A national profile. Washington, DC: National Centers for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment, Department of Health and Human Services.

Back to Top

Item 20: Paid leave for personal health needs

Chatterji, M. & Tilley, C.J. (2002). Sickness, absenteeism, presenteeism, and sick pay. Oxford Economic Papers, 54: 669-687.

Commission on Family and Medical Leave. (1996). A Workable Balance: Report to Congress on Family and Medical Leave Policies. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.

Grinyer, A. & Singleton, V. (2000). Sickness absence as risk-taking behaviour: a study of organisational and cultural factors in the public sector. Health, Risk & Society, 2(1): 7-21.

Lovell, V. Institute for Women’s Policy Research. (May, 2004). No Time to be Sick: Why Everyone Suffers When Workers Don’t Have Paid Sick Leave. IWPR Publication #B242p, Pre-publication version. Washington, DC: Institute for Women’s Policy Research.

Back to Top

Role of Equity

Acton, J. (1975). Nonmonetary Factors in the Demand for Medical Services: Some Empirical Evidence. Journal of Political Economy, 83: 595-614.

Arber, S., & Ginn, J. (1992). Class and caring: A forgotten dimension. Sociology, 26(4): 619-634.

Atienza, A. A. & Stephens, M.A.P. (2000). Social Interactions at Work and the Well-Being of Daughters Involved in Parent Care. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 19(3): 243-263.

Barker K. (1993). Changing Assumptions and Contingent Solutions - the Costs and Benefits of Women Working Full-Time and Part-Time. Sex Roles, 28(1-2): 47-71.

Barnett, R.C. (1987). Gender and Stress. New York: Free Press. In P. McDonough. Gender and health: reassessing patterns and explanations. Social Science and Medicine, 52(4): 547-559.

Barnett R.C. & Gareis, K.C. (2000). Reduced-hours job-role quality and life satisfaction among married women physicians with children. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24(4): 358-364.

Baruch, G.K., Biener, L. & Barnett, R.C. (1987). Women and Gender in Research on Work and Family Stress. American Psychologist, 42(2): 130-136.

Berger, M.L., Howell, R., Nicholson, S, Sharda, C. (2003). Investing in healthy human capital. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(12): 1213-1225.

Bolle, P. (1997). Part-time work: Solution or trap? International Labour Review, 136(4). Geneva: ILO. In G. Lemaitre. (1997) International Comparisons of Part Time Work. OECD Economic Studies, 29(1): 139.

Boushey, H., Brocht, C., Gundersen, B. & Bernstein J. (2000). Hardships in America: The Real Story of Working Families. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute. Available online at:

Bradbury, K.L. (1996). The growing inequality of family incomes: Changing families and changing wages. New England Economic Review, July/Aug: 55-82.

Budig, M. J. & P. England. (2001). The Wage Penalty for Motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2): 204-225.

Chatterji, M. & Tilley, C.J. (2002). Sickness, absenteeism, presenteeism, and sick pay. Oxford Economic Papers, 54: 669-687.

Cockerhan, W.C. (1989). Medical Sociology (Fourth Edition). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Cohn, S. (1995). Why Racial Employment Inequality Is Greater in Northern Labor Markets: Regional Differences in White-Black Employment Differentials. Social Forces, 74(2): 511-542.

Commission on Family and Medical Leave. (1996). A Workable Balance: Report to Congress on Family and Medical Leave Policies. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.

Cotton, J. (1989). Opening the Gap: Decline in Black Economic Indicatiors in the 1980’s. Social Science Quarterly, 70: 803-19. In S. Cohn. Why Racial Employment Inequality Is Greater in Northern Labor Markets: Regional Differences in White-Black Employment Differentials. Social Forces, 74(2): 511-542.

Cox, C. & Monk, A. (1993). Hispanic culture and family care of Alzheimer's patients. Health and Social Work, 18: 92-100.

Crandall, N & Wallace, M. (1998). Work and Rewards in the Virtual Workplace: A new deal for Organizations and Employees. New York: American Management Association.

Davies, H., Joshi, H. & Peronaci, R. (2000). Forgone Income and Motherhood: What Do Recent British Data Tell Us? Population Studies, 54(3): 293-305.

Deimling, G.T., Smerglia, V.L. & Schaefer, M.L. (2001). The Impact of Family Environment and Decision-Making Satisfaction on Caregiver Depression: A Path Analytic Model. Journal of Aging & Health, 13(1): 47-71.

Doress-Worters, P.B. (1994). Adding Elder Care to Women’s Multiple Roles: A Critical Review of the Caregiver Stress and Multiple Roles Literature. Sex Roles, 31(9/10): 597-616.

Earle, A. & Heymann, S.J. (In press). Work, family, and social class. In C. Ryff & R. Kessler (eds.), A Portrait of Midlife in the U.S. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Epps, E. (1995). Race Class and Educational Opportunity: Trends in Sociology of Education. Sociological Forum, 10(4). In Link, C. Equity and the Utilization of Health Care Services By The Medicare Elderly. Journal of Human Resources, 18: 195-212.

Garnett, N.S. (2001). The road from welfare to work: Informal transportation and the urban poor. Harvard Journal On Legislation, 38(1): 173-229.

Ginn, J. & Arber, S. (1993). Pension Penalties: the Gendered Division of Occupational Welfare. Work Employment and Society, 7(1): 47-70.

Gjerdingen, D., McGovern, P., Bekker, M., Lundberg, U. & Willemsen T. (2000). Women’s work roles and their impact on health, well-being and career: Comparisons between the United States, Sweden and the Netherlands. Women & Health, 31(4): 1-20.

Goldin C. (1990). Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women. New York: Oxford University Press.

Goode, W.J. (1960). A Theory of Role Strain. American Sociological Review, 25(4): 483-496.

Gordon, N.P., Cleary, P.D., Parker, C.E. & Czeisler, C.A. (1986). The prevalence and health impact of shiftwork. American Journal of Public Health, 76(10): 1225-1228.

Gornick, J. & Jacobs, J.A. (1994) A Cross-National Analysis of Wages of Part-Time Workers: Evidence from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia (Russell Sage Foundation. Working Paper). New York: Russell Sage Foundation. In R. Rosenfeld. (1995). Women’s Part Time Work: Cross National Comparison. European Sociological Review, 11(2): 111-134.

Gornick, J.C., Meyers, M.K. & Ross, K.E. (1997). Supporting the Employment of Mothers: Policy Variation Across Fourteen Welfare States. Journal of European Social Policy, 7(1): 45-69.

Grinyer, A. & Singleton, V. (2000). Sickness absence as risk-taking behaviour: a study of organisational and cultural factors in the public sector. Health, Risk & Society, 2(1): 7-21.

Harkness, S. & Waldfogel, J. (1999). The Family Gap in Pay: Evidence from Seven Industrialised Countries. Center for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics. In Hewlett, S.A. (2002). Creating a Life: Professional Women and the Quest for Children. New York: Talk Miramax Book.

Haug, M.R., Ford, A.B., Stange, K.C., Noelker, L.S. & Gaines, A.D. (1999). Effect of Giving Care on Caregivers' Health. Research on Aging, 21(4): 515-538.

Hewlett, S.A. 2002. Creating a Life: Professional Women and the Quest for Children. New York: Talk Miramax Books.

Heymann, S.J. (2000). The Widening Gap: Why America’s Working Families Are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Basic Books.

Heymann, S.J. & Earle, A. (2001). The Impact of Parental Working Conditions on School-age Children: The Case of Evening Work. Community, Work, and Family, 4(3): 305-325.

Higgins, C., Duxbury, L. & Johnson, K.L. (2000). Part-time work for women: Does it really help balance work and family? Human Resource Management, 39(1): 17-32.

Hill, EJ, Miller BC, Weiner SP, and Colihan, J. (1998) Influences of the virtual office on aspects of work and work/life balance. Personnel Psychology 51: 667-683.

House, J. & Williams, D.R. (2000). Understanding and Reducing Socioeconomic and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Health. Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research, 81-124. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.

Hoyert, D.L. & Seltzer, M.M. (1992). Factors Related to the Well-Being and Life Activities of Family Caregivers. Family Relations, 41(1): 74-81.

Irvine, J.J. & York, D.E. (1993). Teachers Perspectives: Why do African American, Hispanics, Vietnamese students fail? In S.W. Rothstein (ed.), Handbook of Schooling in Urban America (pp. 161-193). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Jamuna, D. (1997). Stress dimensions among caregivers of the elderly. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 106: 381-8.

Jenkins, C.L. (1997). Women, Work, and Caregiving: How Do These Roles Affect Women's Well-Being? Journal of Women & Aging, 9(3): 27-45.

Jose, L. (1992). Issues of Race, Poverty and National Health Insurance. American Medical News, 35(35): 35. In D. Williams. (2002). Racial/Variations in Women’s Health: The Social Embeddedness of Health. Public Health Matters, 92(4): 588-597.

Joshi, H., Paci, P. & Waldfogel, J. (1999). The wages of motherhood: better or worse? Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23(5): 543-564.

Kinney, J.M., Stephens, M.A.P, Franks, M.M. & Norris, V. K. (1995). Stresses and satisfactions of family caregivers to older stroke patients. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 14(1): 3-21.

Kumar, R.N., Hass, S,L., Li, J.Z.M., Nickens, D.J., Daenzer, C.L. & Wathen, L.K. (2003). Validation of the Health-Related Productivity Questionnaire Diary (HRPQ-D) on a sample of patients with infectious mononucleosis: Results from a phase 1multicenter clinical trial. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(8): 899-907.

Lambert, S.J. (2000). Added benefits: The link between work-life benefits and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 801-815.

Levine, J.A., Weisell, R., Chevassus, S., Martinez, C.D., Burlingame, B. & Coward, W.A. (October 2001). The Work Burden of Women. Science 294: 812.

Link, B.G. and Phelan J. (1995). Social conditions as fundamental causes of diseases. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Extra Issue: 80-94. In D. Williams. (2002). Racial/Variations in Women’s Health: The Social Embeddedness of Health. Public Health Matters, 92(4): 588-597.

Marks, N.F. (1996). Caregiving across the lifespan: National prevalence in predictors. Family Relations, 45: 27-36.

Marks, S.R. (1977). Multiple Roles and Role Strain: Some Notes on Human Energy, Time, and Commitment. American Sociological Review, 42(6): 921-36.

Martire, L. M., Stephens, M.A.P. & Franks, M.M. (1997). Multiple Roles of Women Caregivers: Feelings of Mastery and Self-Esteem as Predictors of Psychosocial Well-Being. Journal of Women & Aging, 9(1-2): 117-131.

Matthews, A.M. & Campbell, L.D. (1995). Gender roles, employment, and informal care. In S. Arber & J. Ginn (eds.), Connecting gender and ageing: A sociological approach. Buckingham, England: Open U Press.

Medjuck, S., Keefe, J.M. & Fancey, P.J. (1998). Available but Not Accessible: An Examination of the Use of Workplace Policies for Caregivers of Elderly Kin. Journal of Family Issues, 19(3): 274-299.

Miller, B. (1990). Gender Differences in Spouse Caregiver Strain: Socialization and Role Explanations. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 52(2): 311-321.

Moen, P., Robinson J. & Fields, V. (1994). Women's Work and Caregiving Roles: A Life Course Approach. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 49: S176-S186.

Muchler, E. (1991). Racial Differences in Health and Health Care Service Utilization in Later Life: The Effect of Socioeconomic Status. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32: 342-356.

Murphy, B., H. Schofield, Nankervis, J., Block , S., Herrman, H. & Singh, B. (1997). Women with Multiple Roles: The Emotional Impact of Caring for Ageing Parents. Ageing & Society, 17(3): 277-291.

Navaie-Waliser, M., Feldman, P.H., Gould, D.A., Levine, C., Kuerbis, A.N. & Donelan, K. (2001). The experiences and challenges of informal caregivers: common themes and differences among whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Gerontologist, 41(6): 733-41.

Neal, M.B., Ingersoll-Dayton, B. & Starrels, M.E. (1997). Gender and relationship differences in caregiving patterns and consequences among employed caregivers. Gerontologist, 37(6): 804-816.

Ogbu, J.U. (1994). Racial Stratification and Education in the United States: Why Inequality persists. Teachers College Record, 96: 264-298. In Link, C. Equity and The Utilization of Health Care Services By The Medicare Elderly. Journal of Human Resources, 18: 195-212.

Power, C., Manor, O., & Fox J. (1991). Health and Class: The Early Years. London: Chapman and Hall.

Presser, H.B. (Forthcoming). Toward a 24-Hour Economy: Nonstandard Work Schedules and American Families. New York: Russell Sage.

Reynolds, J.R. & Ross, C.E. (1998). Social stratification and health: education’s benefit beyond economic status and social origins. Social Problems, 45(2): 221-247.

Schintler, L.A. & Kaplan, T. (2000). Welfare reform and the spatial divide: A study in transporting recipients to jobs. Transportation Planning and Technology, 23(4): 283-301.

Schor, J.B. (2002). Time Crunch Among American Parents. In S.A. Hewlett, N. Rankin & C. West (eds.), Taking Parenting Public: The Case for a New Social Movement. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Seccombe, K. & Amey, C. (1995). Playing by the rules and losing: Health insurance and the working poor. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36: 168-181.

Segal, N. (2002-3). Full-time rights for part-time workers: Parity in wages, benefits, and advancement opportunities. Individual Employment Rights Journal, 10(2): 245-70.

Singleton, J. (1998). The Impact of Family Caregiving to the Elderly on the American Workplace: Who Is Affected and What Is Being Done? In D. Vannoy, & P.J. Dubeck (eds.), Challenges for Work and Family in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 201-214). New York, Aldine de Gruyter.

Smerglia, V.L. & Deimling, G.T. (1997). Care related decisionmaking satisfaction and caregiver well-being. Gerontologist 37(5): 658-665.

Staines, G. L. & Pleck, J. H. (1984). Nonstandard work schedules and family life. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(3): 515-523.

Starrels, M.E., Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Bowler, D.W. & Neal, M.B. (1997). The stress of caring for a parent: Effects of the elder's impairment on an employed, adult child. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59(4): 860-872.

Tennstedt, S., Cafferata, G.L. & Sullivan, L. (1992). Depression among caregivers of impaired elders. Journal of Aging and Health, 4: 58-76.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1996). Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census.

Waldfogel, J. (1998). Understanding the family gap in pay for women with children. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(1): 145. Available at: http://econ.ucsc.edu/faculty/lkletzer/waldfogel_familygap.pdf. [Accessed 2004, June 4.]

Waldfogel J. (1994). Women working for less: Family status and women’s pay in the U.S. and the U.K. (Working paper no D-94-1). Cambridge, MA: Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy, Harvard University.

Young, M.E. (1996). Early Child Development: Investing in the Future. Directions in Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Back to Top

Back to Public Policy Index

This page is maintained by The Project on Global Working Families. To contact us with suggestions, comments, or questions, please e-mail: globalworkingfamilies@hsph.harvard.edu

HSPH home