Research Policies:

• Nuremberg Code
• World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki
  "In the field of biomedical research, a fundamental distinction must be recognized between medical research, in which the aim is essentially diagnostic or therapeutic for a patient, and medical research, the essential object of which is purely scientific and without implying direct diagnostic or therapeutic value to the person subjected to the research. "
• Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research
  Report of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research; Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
• Biomedical Ethics in U.S. Public Policy - Office of Technological Assessment (OTA) report
  Provides a basic introduction to bioethics -- the issues raised by the Tuskegee Experiment, federal policies, international initiatives, statutes, etc.

Articles:

• Testing Drugs in People--FDA Special Issue on New Drug Development
  "Controlled clinical trials, in which results observed in patients getting the drug are compared to the results in similar patients receiving a different treatment, are the best way science has come up with to determine what a new drug really does."
  The highest attainable standard: Ethical issues in AIDS vaccines. Barry R. Bloom, Science, 00368075, 01/09/98, Vol. 279, Issue 5348
• Editorial: War crimes and medical science
  "Fifty years ago in Nuremberg, Germany, 23 physicians and scientists stood trial for war crimes committed before and during the Second World War.  The medical trial, and its more famous predecessor, the international military tribunal, have left us with defining statements of ethical principle."
• More than One Ethical Issue in Drug Trials (AIDS treatment)
  The article from the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care about the ethics of comparison drugs trials that involve treatments that some argue aren't effective.
• Issues in Medical Ethics
  An Indian Journal covering different questions about ethics and medicine, including clinical trials and research issues in developing countries. Particular focus on clinical trials of contraceptives and also AZT trials on pregnant women in developing countries.

Case Study: Field Testing HIV Vaccines

• Uganda AIDS Vaccine Test: Urgency Affects Ethics Rules
  "Vaccines have been traditionally developed in nations with excellent health care systems so that any vaccine failure can be addressed and treated.   However, the need for an HIV vaccine is so great in nations like Uganda--which has a 20 percent HIV infection rate--that they have gone ahead and initiated trials."
• International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI)
  The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) is a global organization working to speed the development and distribution of preventive AIDS vaccines.  A pro-vaccine development organization started by Rockefeller Foundation, the World Bank, and a number of other organizations.
• International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI): Bellagio Report et al.
  The Bellagio Report: Accelerating the Development of Preventive HIV Vaccines for the World -- Summary Report and Recommendations of an International Meeting in Bellagio, Italy.