COVID-19 Publications

Empirical Papers

• Krieger N, Chen JT, Testa C, Waterman PD, Hanage WP. Regional heterogeneity in COVID-19 risk in the United States during the time of delta (July 1-September 15, 2021): the US South suffers the highest case and death rates and greatest inequities. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Papers, Volume 21, Number 6, October 12, 2021. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2623/2021/10/21_Krieger-et-al_regional-heterogeneity_Vol-21_No-6_with-tables-and-figures_rev-2.pdf
• Krieger N, Chen JT, Testa C, Hanage WP. Political lean: a crucial variable for monitoring COVID-19 in the United States. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Paper, Volume 21, Number 5, October 8, 2021. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2623/2021/10/21_krieger-et-al_C19_political-lean-plus_HCPDS-working-paper_Vol-21_No-5_reduced-file-size.pdf
• Kaashoek J, Testa C, Chen JT, Stolerman L, Krieger N, Hanage WP, Santillana M. The Evolving Roles of US Political Partisanship and Social Vulnerability in the COVID-19 Pandemic from February 2020 – February 2021 (September 30, 2021). SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3933453.
• Chen JT, Testa C, Hanage WP, Krieger N. Picturing prevention: Visualizing how vaccination profoundly protects your loved ones, you, and your community from hospitalization and death due to Covid- 19 using real-life data from 12 US states (Jan – July 2021). Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Paper, Volume 21, Number 4, August 9, 2021. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1266/2021/08/21_C19_vaxxvisual_pop-center-working-paper_chen-et-al_submitted_0808_with-cover-and-abstract_final.pdf.
• Krieger N, Waterman PD, Chen JT, Testa C, Hanage WP. Missing again: US racial and ethnic data for COVID-19 vaccination. Lancet, 2021 Mar 17;397(10281):1259–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00465-7.
• Chen JT, Testa C, Waterman PD, Krieger N. Intersectional inequities in COVID-19 mortality by race/ethnicity and education in the United States, January 1, 2020 – January 31, 2021. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Volume 21, Number 3, February 23, 2021. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1266/2021/02/21_Chen_covidMortality_Race_Education_HCPDS_WorkingPaper_Vol-21_No-3_Final_footer.pdf
• Krieger N, Testa C, Waterman PD, Chen JT. Go big on relief! – repairing the commingled miseries of COVID-19 and US housing and food insecurity. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Volume 21, Number 2, February 13, 2021. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1266/2021/02/21_krieger-et-al_C19HH-pulse_HCPDS_Vol-21_No-2_Final.pdf.
• Krieger N, Waterman PD, Chen JT, Testa C, Santillana M, Hanage WP. Plague of US missing COVID-19 data for race/ethnicity: Debacle continues with vaccination data. Harvard Population Center for Development Studies Working Paper, Volume 21, Number 1, February 8, 2021. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1266/2021/02/21_Krieger_Waterman-et-al_missing-data-on-race-continues-w_-vaccine_HCPDS-Vol-21_No-1_FINAL_AB.pdf.
• Krieger N, Testa C, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Hanage WP. A warning against using static US county-level community data to guide equity in COVID-19 vaccine distribution: temporal and spatial correlations of community characteristics with COVID-19 cases and deaths vary enormously and are increasingly uninformative. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Paper, Volume 20, Number 5, December 1, 2020. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1266/2020/12/20_Krieger-et-al_equity-in-vaccine-distribution_Volume-20_No-_5_final.pdf
• Hanage WP, Testa C, Chen JT, David L, Pechter E, Seminario P, Santillana M, Krieger N. COVID-19: US federal accountability for entry, spread, and inequities—lessons for the future. Eur J Epidemiol 2020; 35:995-1006 (advance access on-line: November 2, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00689-2.
• Bassett MT, Chen JT, Krieger N. Variation in racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality by age in the United States: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Med 2020; 17(10): e1003402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003402 (published on-line: October 20, 2020)
• Krieger N, Chen JT, Testa C, Hanage WP. The changing political geographies of COVID-19 in the US. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Paper Series, Volume 20, Number 3, October 14, 2020. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/population-development/research/working-papers/harvard-pop-center-working-paper-series/
• Hanage WP, Testa C, Chen JT, David L, Pechter E, Santillana M, Krieger N. COVID-19: US Federal accountability for entry, spread, and inequities. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Paper Series, Volume 20, Number 2, October 5, 2020. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1266/2020/10/20_covid-19_federal-response_FINAL_for-HCPDS_1001_HCPDS-working-paper_volume-20_number-2_FINAL.pdf
• Krieger N, Testa C, Hanage WP, Chen JT. US racial and ethnic data for COVID-19: still missing-in-action. Lancet. 2020 Nov 7;396(10261):e81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32220-0. Epub 2020 Oct 22. PMID: 33169681; PMCID: PMC7581349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32220-0.
• Krieger N, Testa C, Chen JT. US racial/ethnic data for COVID-19 cases: still missing-in-action. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Paper, Volume 20, Number 1, September 17, 2020. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1266/2020/09/20_krieger-et-al_covid-19-and-missing-data-on-race_ethnicity_final_Vol-20_No-1_with-supplemental-material.pdf
• Chin T, Kahn R, Li R, Chen JT, Krieger N, Buckee CO, Balsari S, Kiang SV. US-county level variation in intersecting individual, household, and community characteristics relevant to COVID-19 and planning an equitable response: A cross-sectional analysis. BMJ Open 2020;10:e039886. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039886. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039886
• Chen JT, Krieger N. Revealing the unequal burden of COVID-19 by income, race/ethnicity, and household crowding: US county vs ZIP code analyses. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2020 Sep 9. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000001263. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32956299. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001263
• Krieger N, Waterman PD, Chen JT. COVID-19 and Overall Mortality Inequities in the Surge in Death Rates by Zip Code Characteristics: Massachusetts, January 1 to May 19, 2020. Am J Public Health. 2020 Dec;110(12):1850-1852. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305913. Epub 2020 Oct 15. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305913.
• Cowger TL, Davis BA, Etkins OS, Makofane K, Lawrence JA, Bassett MT, Krieger N. Comparison of weighted and unweighted population data to assess inequities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 by race/ethnicity reported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e2016933. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16933
• Testa CT, Krieger N, Chen JT, Hanage WP. Visualizing the lagged connection between COVID-19 cases and deaths in the United States: An animation using per capita state-level data (January 22, 2020 – July 8, 2020). Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Paper, Volume 19, Number 4, July 10, 2020. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/population-development/research/working-papers/harvard-pop-center-working-paper-series/
• Bassett MT, Chen JT, Krieger N. The Unequal Toll of COVID-19 Mortality by Age in the United States: Quantifying Racial/Ethnic Disparities. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Paper Series, Volume 19, Number 3. June 15, 2020. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1266/2020/06/20_Bassett-Chen-Krieger_COVID-19_plus_age_working-paper_0612_Vol-19_No-3_with-cover.pdf
• Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD. Excess mortality in men and women in Massachusetts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395(10240):1829. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31234-4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7255340/
• Chen JT, Waterman P Krieger N. COVID-19 and the unequal surge in mortality rates in Massachusetts, by city/town and ZIP Code measures of poverty, household crowding, race/ethnicity,and racialized economic segregation. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Paper Series, Volume 19, Number 2. May 9, 2020. https://tinyurl.com/y7qzot3l
• Chen JT, Krieger N. Revealing the unequal burden of COVID-19 by income, race/ethnicity, and household crowding: US county vs ZIP code analyses. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Paper Series, Volume 19, Number 1. April 21, 2020. https://tinyurl.com/ya44we2r
• Chin T, Kahn R, Li R, Chen JT, Krieger N, Buckee CO, Balsari S, Kiang SV. U.S. county-level factors relevant to COVID-19 burden and response. MedRxiv, posted April 11, 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20058248

Essays, Op-Eds, & Commentaries

• Krieger N. Counting for Accountability in a Time of Catastrophe: COVID-19 and Other Deaths, Cohorts, Color Lines, and Dollar Signs. Am J Public Health, 2021; 111(S2):S91-S92. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306257.
• Krieger N, Testa C, Waterman PD, Chen JT. Attack America’s overlapping miseries: Why going big on relief is an economic, public health, and moral imperative. New York Daily News, February 17, 2021. https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-oped-why-we-must-go-big-on-relief-20210217-jqpvsicyqrdy5hdeqxcc4rg5ya-story.html.
• Boyd RW, Krieger N, Jones CP. In the 2020 US election, we can choose a just future. Lancet 2020; 36(10260): 1377-1380 (published on-line: October 19, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32140-1.
• Krieger N. ENOUGH: COVID-19, Structural Racism, Police Brutality, Plutocracy, Climate Change—and Time for Health Justice, Democratic Governance, and an Equitable, Sustainable Future. Am J Public Health, 110(11):1620-1623. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305886
• Bassett MT, Buckee CO, Krieger N. Racism is a deadly virus, too: A public health defense of these mass protests. New York Daily News, June 5, 2020. https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-oped-racism-is-a-deadly-virus-too-20200605-zkosvmcmkbhchlxrrhsneyngdy-story.html
• Krieger N. COVID-19, Data, and Health Justice. The Commonwealth Fund, April 16, 2020. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2020/covid-19-data-and-health-justice
• Krieger N, Gonsalves G, Bassett MT, Hanage w, Krumholz HM. The fierce urgency of now: closing glaring gaps in US surveillance data on COVID-19. Health Affairs Blog,  April 14, 2020. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20200414.238084/full/

Resources

• Selected data from COVID-19 projects freely available at: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/NancyKrieger/
• Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project’s Using the Methods of the Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project to Monitor COVID-19 Inequities and Guide Action for Health Justice
• Spirit of 1848 Caucus and Public Health Awakened’s COVID-19 & Health Justice Resource Page

Interviews

• Tripp KG. How the U.S. Messed Up Covid-19 So Badly: Harvard social epidemiologist Nancy Krieger breaks down excess deaths and workplace safety findings. Elemental, November 20, 2020. https://elemental.medium.com/how-the-u-s-messed-up-covid-19-so-badly-4005516c8dc6.
• Krieger N. ‘500 years of history’ – protests against police brutality, COVID-19, and public health: 3 Questions, 3 Answers. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, June 5, 2020. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/nancy-krieger-qa-george-floyd-covid/.
• Goodman D. How Racism Kills: a conversation with Harvard social epidemiologist Nancy Krieger. Medium, June 1, 2020. https://medium.com/@davgoodvt/how-racism-kills-7673bc576eed
• Reilly A. Missed opportunities in Massachusetts’ COVID Response (Nancy Krieger one of persons interviewed for the story). WGBH, May 26, 2020. https://www.wgbh.org/news/politics/2020/05/26/missed-opportunities-in-massachusetts-covid-response.
• Ellis MV, Lin K. A Harvard Epidemiologist’s Reminder of Our Common Humanity (Interview with Nancy Krieger). The Harvard Crimson, April 16, 2020. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/4/17/nancy-krieger-coronavirus/.
• Chotiner I. The interwoven threads of inequality and health. The coronavirus crisis is revealing the inequities inherent in public health due to societal factors, Nancy Krieger, a professor of social epidemiology, says (Interview with Nancy Krieger). The New Yorker, April 14, 2020.  https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-coronavirus-and-the-interwoven-threads-of-inequality-and-health.

Media Coverage

• Fast A. Millions Of People Are Missing From CDC COVID Data As States Fail To Report Cases. NPR, September 1, 2021. https://www.npr.org/2021/09/01/1032885251/millions-of-people-are-missing-from-cdc-covid-data-as-states-fail-to-report-case.
• CDC Says: Vaccinated Or Not, Put The Mask Back On. In Some Places. GBH, July 28, 2021. https://www.wgbh.org/news/national-news/2021/07/28/cdc-says-vaccinated-or-not-put-the-mask-back-on-in-some-places.
• Freyer FJ. COVID-19 cases are rising again. Should you worry? Boston Globe, April 2, 2021 (print: front page, April 3, 2021). https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/04/02/nation/covid-numbers-are-rising-again-should-you-worry/.
• Kingdollar BL, Topic A. Public Health School Researchers Document U.S. Government’s Failures to Slow Pandemic in New Study. The Crimson, November 13, 2020. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/11/13/government-failure-covid-response-hsph/.
• Israelsen-Hartley S. Utah failed to flatten the curve: Here are 2 numbers we should have been watching more closely. Deseret News, November 8, 2020. https://www.deseret.com/indepth/2020/11/8/21529280/utah-failed-to-flatten-the-curve-here-are-2-numbers-we-should-have-been-watching-more-closely
• Jamieson D. Workers Tried to Blow the Whistle on COVID Hazards. Then People Died. Huffington Post, October 12, 2020. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/workers-blew-the-whistle-on-covid-hazards-then-people-died_n_5f80c1f8c5b62f97bac26e6e
• Cohan A. Harvard epidemiologist says that robust COVID data on race, ethnicity crucial to solve inequities. Boston Herald, July 21, 2020. https://www.bostonherald.com/2020/07/21/harvard-epidemiologist-says-robust-covid-data-on-race-ethnicity-crucial-to-solve-inequities/
• Redden M. Trump’s Latest Excuse: COVID-19 Only Counts When It Kills The Perfectly Healthy. HuffPost, September 1, 2020. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-cdc-covid-preexisting-conditions_n_5f4d9514c5b64f17e141b716
• Moore D. Lynn emerges as a new center of COVID-19 in Massachusetts. Boston Globe, August 24, 2020. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/08/24/nation/lynn-emerges-new-center-coronavirus-state/
• Resnick B. “Years of potential life lost” is the most sobering and sad Covid-19 statistic I’ve seen. Vox, June 23, 2020. https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2020/6/23/21299109/covid-19-pandemic-years-potential-life-lost
• Williams A, Blanco A. How the coronavirus exposed health disparities in communities of color. The Washington Post, May 22, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/investigations/coronavirus-race-data-map/
• Craven J. It’s Not Too Late to Save Black Lives. Slate, May 21, 2020. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/05/covid-19-black-communities-health-disparity.html
• Popovich N, Singhvi A, Conlen M. Where chronic health conditions and coronavirus could collide. New York Times, May 18, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/18/us/coronavirus-underlying-conditions.html
• Ostriker R. More women than men are dying of coronavirus in Massachusetts. Why is that?. Boston Globe, May 17, 2020. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/05/16/nation/unlike-much-country-massachusetts-more-women-than-men-are-dying-coronavirus/
• Ryan A, Lazar K. Disparities push coronavirus death rates higher. Harvard analysis finds mortality surged higher in communities with more poverty, people of color, and crowded housing. Boston Globe, May 9, 2020. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/05/09/nation/disparities-push-coronavirus-death-rates-higher/
• Macagnone M. Rural areas face pandemic risk as country’s urban areas open. CQ Roll Call, April 30, 2020. https://www.rollcall.com/2020/04/30/rural-areas-face-pandemic-risk-as-countrys-urban-areas-reopen/
• Parshley L. The deadly mix of Covid-19, air pollution, and inequality, explained. Vox, April 11, 2020. https://www.vox.com/2020/4/11/21217040/coronavirus-in-us-air-pollution-asthma-black-americans
• Berner A. Epäreilu epidemia (“Unfair Epidemic”). Helsingin Sanomat (Finland), April 10, 2020. https://dynamic.hs.fi/a/2020/epareiluepidemia/?fbclid=IwAR2bSxH8hGX_wg7-0Xhe0xTZFLCIT7LE7c_nBPmFiax_oxpGZHDMVM52BIg

Podcasts & Talks

• Jeffries M (moderator). Covid-19, US Health Inequities, and the Long Reach of History – a discussion with Nancy Krieger and Evelynn Hammonds.  Office of the Vice Provost for Advances in Learning. https://youtu.be/xZlJ8UKnHzw
• Krieger N. Scientific Racism and Anti-Racism: History and Recent Perspectives. Expert Panel, Community COVID-19 Conversation on Race, Racism, and Research in the Medical Mecca. Center for Community Health Education Research, Inc., Boston, MA, (virtual), January 25, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mAkCvjONJ0.
• Krieger N. Structural racism, embodied histories, and COVID-19 in context: lessons from the United States. Invited inaugural Vohra Miller Lectures on Critical Public Health Issues, for inaugural event on “Race, Racism, and COVID-19.” Institute for Pandemics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (virtual), November 24, 2020. https://youtu.be/hmj90R4Fzls?t=424; and discussion with Dr. Arjumand Siddiqi (moderator; Canada Research Chair in Population Health Equity, Division Head of Epidemiology, Associate Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health), Camille Orridge (Senior Fellow, Wellesley Institute and Professor at Dalla Lana School of Public Health), and Joe Cressy (Councillor for Ward 10, Spadina-Fort York, City of Toronto); for resources provided by Dr. Krieger please click here.
• De Maio F (moderator). Prioritizing Equity: Research and Data for Health Equity – a discussion with Nancy Krieger, Maureen Benjamins, and Alyasah A. Sewell. American Medical Association (Center for Health Equity), November 19, 2020. https://youtu.be/WkAZ7i-w_wQ.
• Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health’s Nancy Krieger discusses the impact that COVID-19 is having on communities of color. APHA TV for the American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo: October 24-28, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PKaZD3-mlc
• Morabia A (editor). Time to Reinvent Public Health: What’s the Path Forward – a discussion with Nancy Krieger, Ross C. Brownson, and Lawrence O. Gostin. American Journal of Public Health Podcast, November, 2020. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/podcasts
• Krieger N. Ethics Talk: Embodied History, Health Justice, and COVID-19 – and interview with Nancy Krieger, PhD, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. AMA Journal of Ethics, August 2020. Part 1 and Part 2
• Krieger N. Structural racism, COVID-19, and the stories bodies tell. Invited presentation, “Covid 19 as a revealer of structural racism and historical social injustices,” UNESCO: The Slave Route: Resistance, Liberty, Heritage. Paris, France / webinar, June 24, 2020. http://webcast.unesco.org/live/vod/2020/clt/20202406_clt_meeting2/en/ (presentation: 47:15 – 60:00).
• Krieger N. The Coronavirus Pandemic: Unequal Risks for Communities of Color. Facebook Live Q&A, The Forum at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, presented jointly with The World from PRX & WGBH. July 21, 2020. https://theforum.sph.harvard.edu/events/the-coronavirus-pandemic-17/
• Krieger N. COVID-19, data, and health justice in Massachusetts. Testimony for the Massachusetts Senate listening session on health care and public health issues, June 29, 2020. https://malegislature.gov/Events/SpecialEvents/Detail/356/Video2
• Krieger N. Structural racism, COVID-19, and the stories bodies tell. Invited presentation, “COVID-19 health disparities impacting Black communities in the Boston area,” Broad Institute Global Health Initiative and Shades@Broad, Cambridge, MA / webinar, June 24, 2020. https://youtu.be/1VlRDsy-71k?t=420
• Goodman D. Who lives and who dies? Harvard epidemiologist Nancy Krieger on health disparities, COVID-19 & “our common humanity”. Vermont Conversation with David Goodman, May 20, 2020. https://vermontconversation.com/2020/05/20/racism-disease-our-common-humanity-harvard-epidemiologist-nancy-krieger-on-health-disparities-and-covid-19/
• Conversations with Nancy Krieger on: Structural Racism, Social Justice, and COVID-19. UC Berkeley School of Public Health’s Dean’s Speaker Series, May 1, 2020. https://400years.berkeley.edu/events/may-1-conversations-nancy-krieger-structural-racism-social-justice-and-covid-19
• Coronavirus and the U.S. Health System: System Inequities and the Disproportionate Impact on Communities of Color. The Commonwealth Fund, April 23, 2020. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/coronavirus-and-us-health-system-system-inequities-and-disproportionate-impact