Study identifies enzyme that protects cells from toxic fat

DGAT1-enzyme

For immediate release: Tuesday, August 1, 2017

Boston, MA – A new study from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Howard Hughes Medical Institute sheds light on how a key fat-producing enzyme helps protect cells from a toxic form of fat.

The new finding contributes to a fuller understanding of the fundamental biology that underlies common metabolic diseases related to obesity, such as type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and heart failure, and could lead to new insights on how to better treat such diseases.

The study was published online August 1, 2017 in Cell Metabolism.

“We are excited about these findings—they solve a mystery and show how fat synthesis protects cells from dysfunction and disease,” said Robert Farese, Jr., professor of genetics and complex diseases at Harvard Chan School.

Lead author of the study was Harvard Chan research fellow Chandramohan Chitraju.

The researchers looked at what happens to triglycerides (a type of fat) in cells during lipolysis, the process through which the triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and transported for energy use to other tissues in the body. For decades, scientists have wondered why some triglycerides, after being broken down into fatty acids, wind up back in the cells in the form of triglycerides—a process known as “re-esterification.”

By examining cell processes both in mice and in human cells, the researchers found out why: Re-esterification helps protect a key cell organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER helps make cellular products such as proteins and lipids and it can be damaged by fatty acids—but not by triglycerides. The researchers also found that an enzyme called DGAT1 (diacylglycerol acyltransferase) is crucial to the re-esterification process, acting as a sort of cell police officer to ensure that toxic fatty acids stay away from the ER.

Fat-cells
Microscopic images of fat cells with fat (lipid) droplets under different conditions. Left: normal conditions. Middle: under lipolysis (fat breakdown), there are many small fat droplets. Right: with the DGAT1 enzyme acting as an inhibitor, there is an absence of small droplets, demonstrating the role of this enzyme in resynthesizing fat.

“To better understand what happens when cells are overwhelmed with fat during obesity, we first have to understand how the system normally deals with fluctuations in lipids,” said Tobias Walther, professor of genetics and complex diseases at Harvard Chan and co-senior author of the study. “Our findings will hopefully spark new ideas on how to prevent the health consequences of obesity.”

Harvard Chan School’s Niklas Mejhert was also a co-author.

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants (R01 DK101579, R01 DK056084, R01 GM097194), the American Diabetes Association, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and seed funding from the Gladstone Institute.

“Triglyceride Synthesis by DGAT1 Protects Adipocytes from Lipid-Induced ER Stress during Lipolysis,” Chandramohan Chitraju, Niklas Mejhert, Joel T. Haas, L. Grisell Diaz-Ramirez, Carrie A. Grueter, Jason E. Imbriglio, Shirly Pinto, Suneil K. Koliwad, Tobias C. Walther, Robert V. Farese, Jr., Cell Metabolism, August 1, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.07.012

For more information:

Marge Dwyer
617.432.8416
mhdwyer@hsph.harvard.edu

Images courtesy Chandramohan Chitraju

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Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health brings together dedicated experts from many disciplines to educate new generations of global health leaders and produce powerful ideas that improve the lives and health of people everywhere. As a community of leading scientists, educators, and students, we work together to take innovative ideas from the laboratory to people’s lives—not only making scientific breakthroughs, but also working to change individual behaviors, public policies, and health care practices. Each year, more than 400 faculty members at Harvard Chan School teach 1,000-plus full-time students from around the world and train thousands more through online and executive education courses. Founded in 1913 as the Harvard-MIT School of Health Officers, the School is recognized as America’s oldest professional training program in public health.