In Sub-Saharan Africa, the overall gains in life expectancy due to socioeconomic and health improvements—as well as the scale-up of antiretroviral treatment (ART)—have meant that adults are now experiencing the onset of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases at unforeseen levels, with projections of rates to more than double over the next 20 years. Funded by a grant from the National Institute on Aging, the HAALSI (Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa) study brings together an international team of global and population health researchers and physicians dedicated to better understanding the drivers and consequences of HIV and non-communicable diseases in the aging population of Agincourt, South Africa.